George Orwells 1984 - 2208 Words

In George Orwell’s 1984, the author utilizes Big Brother to showcase the immense power and influence the government has over its subordinates. The Party manipulates the people through inflicting fear, constant surveillance, and deprivation of knowledge, in order to oppress them from having incorrect ideas or behaviors that are not permitted in society. They are expected to live as respectful Party members, forcefully having to dedicate their lives to serving Big Brother. There are a plethora of characters in the novel, but it is the protagonists Winston, who reveals the oppressive nature of Big Brother and the fear that permeates among the Outer party through his point of view. From the beginning of the novel, Winston’s behavior with the diary depicts of the great fear that the government casts on its people. Even with the assurance that he is alone and not being watched, he writes with great carefulness, â€Å"DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER† (19). His repetition of this simple statement reveals his intense desire of the end of Big Brother. As he continues writing, â€Å"he could not help feeling a twinge of panic. It was absurd, since the writing of those peculiar words was not more dangerous than the initial act of opening the diary† (19). His concern of violating the protocols of the government is so strong that it manifests into uncontrollable anxiety and â€Å"panic.† He is fully aware that this action will ultimately force him to face the wrath of Big Brother, especially, since he writes ofShow MoreRelatedGeorge Orwells 19841168 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Orwell author of 1984 recently made it on Amazon’s list of â€Å"100 books to read before you die† for his widely read novel with thought provoking subjects like: the dangers of totalitarianism, physical control, psychological manipulation, manipulation of information and history, and technology. Through the themes in 1984, George Orwell demonstrates that a dystopian society created by totalitarian rule can infiltrate the minds of its citizens through various mediums. The famous novel falls intoRead MoreGeorge Orwells 19841138 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Orwell’s â€Å"1984† perfectly captures a potential dystopia that would occur to the human race if a totalitarian government was present. As a result of this, Orwell identifies the purpose of the novel: to warn people what could possibly happen if they were not careful. A totalitarian government is similar to a dictatorship and demands complete obedience. Orwell focused on what type of plot would be most beneficial, how the plot would impact the audience, and how the subplot builds on a conflictRead MoreGeorge Orwells 19842185 Words   |  9 PagesLiterary Analysis The author of the novel 1984, George Orwell, is a political critic. Therefore, he used very precise descriptions of situations and words to provide the reader a clear understanding of the entity he is criticizing. When Winston describes the destruction of past records to create new ones to Julia, he says: â€Å"Every record has been destroyed or falsified, every book has been rewritten, every picture has been repainted, every statue and street and building has been renamed, every dateRead MoreThe Themes Of 1984 And George Orwells 19841237 Words   |  5 Pages In many ways, George Orwell used real problems in the world to write his novels. Orwell lived through many events that inspired some of the main topics in his book, 1984. In 1984, George Orwell illustrates what a totalitarian society would be like. At the time that he wrote this book, many citizens of England were afraid of their government having too much power over them. Orwell wrote 1984 to warn the public of what a pow erful government can lead to. Even currently, 1984 can be related to differentRead MoreThe 1984 Adaptation Of George Orwells 19842072 Words   |  9 PagesCensorship in 1984 In the 1984 adaptation of George Orwell’s classic, Nineteen Eighty-Four, the director, Michael Radford, plays on the ideas of censorship and control of all citizens. As one of the biggest themes that is presented in the film, the Inner Party makes it their mission to stop all citizens of â€Å"free thinking†. Citizens are not allowed to think poorly of the government, nor are they allowed to think impure thoughts. Those who try to condemn the government, and those that question theRead MoreGeorge Orwells 1984 Essay706 Words   |  3 PagesGeorge Orwells 1984 What look on humanity and human nature, if any, can be seen through this book, 1984? 1984 examines a future under the rule of a totalitarian society. One of the unique notes about Orwells 1984, is theRead MoreJustice in George Orwells 19841293 Words   |  6 PagesJustice in 1984 The concept of justice is an important subject in George Orwell’s 1984. Justice is defined according to Plato as â€Å"the interest of the stronger†. Justice plays a big role in 1984’s society. Justice is understood differently by the protagonists of the text than how it is represented by the societies in which they live. In the novel 1984 by Orwell, an extremely controlling totalitarian government called The Party, rules the society. They have introduced Telescreens which monitorRead MoreTotalitarianism In George Orwells 19841028 Words   |  5 PagesTotalitarianism Used in 1984 A dystopia is a society which is characterized by misery, oppression, and unhappiness. Likewise, a totalitarian government neither allow parties to have different opinions nor freedom with a centralized government, therefore totalitarianism and dystopian societies are similar. In 1984, written by George Orwell, Big Brother is a dictator who gives the Oceanian population no personal freedoms and strictly dominates all of the country for their own selfish ways. Unlike OceaniaRead MoreSymbolism In George Orwells 19841349 Words   |  6 Pages Symbolism in 1984 Literary concepts are often used in books to make the reading experience more enjoyable. In George Orwell’s 1984, Orwell uses a key literary element, symbolism, to do this. Orwell does this in a unique way. He makes the reader want to think one way, when the reality is far different. This causes the reader to be surprised when the truth of the matter is revealed. He is able to do this by having certain objects represent one thing, and then later reveal it is something far differentRead MoreSurveillance In George Orwells 19841219 Words   |  5 PagesSurveillance, or a close watch kept over someone or something for a specific purpose, features prominently in George Orwell’s dystopian novel 1984. The book follows Winston Smith, a middle-aged man who lives in the futuristic society of Oceania, where the government of the Party, under the leadership of Big Brother, maintains strict control of the people and prevents free thought through propaganda, censorship, and surveil lance. Winston tries to think freely while evading detection and succeeds for

Cushings Syndrome Essay - 816 Words

Cushing’s Syndrome Cushing’s Syndrome is a condition that results from chronic exposure to excessive amounts of glucocorticoids circulating in the blood stream for an extended period of time. The disease was first reported by Harvey Cushing over one hundred years ago, yet the condition still plagues endocrinologists today. Reasons for this difficulty include the vast amount of often vague symptoms that the syndrome presents, most of which are found in a plethora of other conditions as well, combined with the multiple forms that the condition can manifest itself. Symptoms of Cushings Syndrome include, but are not limited to, weight gain, hirutism, easy bruising, hypertension, acne, facial plethora, muscle weakness, striae, depression,†¦show more content†¦With Cushings syndrome, this cycle is disrupted, resulting in an excess of circulating cortisol. There are multiple mechanisms that can disrupt the cycle and they can be classified as either ACTH-dependent or ACTH-independent Cushings S yndrome. The most common form of Cushings Syndome is an ACTH-dependent form called Cushings Disease. This type accounts for two thirds of cushings syndrome and is the result of either an adenoma or carcinoma on the pituitary gland. The tumor causes overproduction of ACTH, resulting in increased release of cortisol from the adrenal gland. ACTH- dependent Cushings Syndrome can also result from ectopic tumors that cause overproduction of ACTH or CRH. The most frequent is small-cell lung carcinoma (12% of patients develop Cushings syndrome). A final type of ACTH dependent cushings syndrome is from exogenous ACTH administration, typically the use of synthetic steroids. ACTH-independent Cushings Syndrome typically originates from abnormalities of the adrenal gland. Adrenal adenoma and adrenal carcinoma occur when there is a benign or cancerous tumor on the adrenal gland. These tumors can cause over production of cortisol, disrupting homeostasis. Other diseases like Carney complex and Mc Cune Albright syndrome have also been associated with abnormalities of the adrenal gland, causing overproduction of cortisol. A final form of cushings syndrome is exogenous glucocorticoid administration. The treatment of CushingsShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between Cushing Disease And Cushing Syndrome1249 Words   |  5 Pagesmanifest in Cushing disease and Cushing syndrome, with a variety of symptoms, test methods and treatments. It is important to distinguish between Cushing disease and Cushing syndrome. While both are based on high levels of cortisol circulating in the body, Cushing disease is specifically caused by a generally benign tumor of the pituitary gland which secretes excess levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), leading to overproduction of cortisol in the adrenal glands. Cushing syndrome, on the otherRead MoreA Study On Cushing s Syndrome1708 Words   |  7 PagesCushing’s syndrome, also known as hypercortisolism is a rare disease, which develop very high levels of a hormone called cortisol in the body. The syndrome was discovered by Harvey Cushing in 1932. Cushing’s disease, which is a form of Cushing’s syndrome, is responsible for increased morbidity and mortality and the signs and symptoms of that disease are usually non specific and that is why the person with those signs has to do some several tests to find out. It can cause a lot of problems to theRead MoreS ymptoms And Symptoms Of Cushing s Syndrome1680 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Cushing’s syndrome is an endocrine disorder resulting from excess levels of cortisol in the blood. The etiology can be exogenous or endogenous, which can be further broken down into adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) dependent and independent. The pathogenesis of Cushing’s syndrome depends on the cause, and generally results in the disruption of the normal functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Cushing’s syndrome is characterized by a variety of signs and symptomsRead MoreAnalysis Of Cushing s Syndrome ( Cs )1558 Words   |  7 PagesCushing’s syndrome (CS) is an endocrine disorder that leads to a lot of symptoms in the human body. A chronic excess of cortisol in the bloodstream characterizes CS. Besides the traditional pathways of treatment (which include surgery, radiotherapy and use of medicines), a new advance in the pharmacological treatment of CS is being tested: Agent LCI699. Recent data ratify that the efficacy and safety of the LCI699 are promising in the reduction of the levels of cortisol. When incorporated to anRead MoreCushing s Syndrome : Whole Body Impairment1468 Words   |  6 PagesCushing ’s syndrome: Whole-Body Impairment Kim Gaull Rowan University Cushing s syndrome (CS) is characterized by pathologically elevated free glucocorticoid levels. Endogenous hypercortisolism is usually due to ACTH-secreting pituitary corticotropic adenomas and less often due to ectopic ACTH-secreting neuroendocrine neoplasms or ACTH-independent adrenal cortisol hypersecretion (Yaneva, 2010). Cushing s disease occurs infrequently in an inherited setting in both of these conditions (YanevaRead MoreAnalysis Of Cushing s Syndrome ( Cs )1379 Words   |  6 PagesCushing’s syndrome (CS) is a condition whereby there is an excessive amount of glucocorticoids circulating in the human body1. There are two categories of CS, the most common type is exogenous, which is caused by supraphysiological amounts of glucocorticoids from an external source1. The second type is the endogenous CS and is caused by the endogenous over secretion of glucocorticoids by the adrenal glands2. The incidence of any form of CS has been reported to affect between 2-3 million p opulationRead MoreAnalysis Of Cushing s Syndrome And Its Effects On The Body1510 Words   |  7 Pages Cushing’s syndrome is a rare endocrine disorder that occurs when your body is exposed to an overabundance of the hormone cortisol.3 Cortisol is known as the stress hormone. The interruption of cortisol secretion can cause weight gain and can ultimately determine where you put the weight on.8 There are many underlying causes such as Pituitary Adenomas, Ectopic ACTH Syndrome, Adrenal Tumors, and Familial Cushing’s Syndrome.2 The majority of these people affected by this hormonal disorder experienceRead MoreIntroduction: Striae distensae, commonly referred to as ‘stretch marks’, is an extremely common800 Words   |  4 Pagespresent in areas of maximum skin stretching, research has determined that there is no correlation between the extent of striae formation and the degree of body size expansion during pregnancy. In the case of people with Cushing syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Marfan’s syndrome, increased adrenal cortical activity has been implicated in the formation of striae. Others suggested that SDs are a feature of high serum levels of steroid hormones induced from local or systemic steroid therapy or CushingsRead MoreA Brief Article On Ovary Syndrome ( Pcos )1654 Words   |  7 PagesPolycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) By Navodita Maurice | Submitted On September 01, 2011 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon 1 Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Navodita Maurice The endocrine disorders among females are of variousRead MoreHesi Practice31088 Words   |  125 PagesIneffective coping. B. Imbalanced nutrition: Less than body requirements. C. Imbalaneed nutrition: More than body requirements. D. Interrupted family processes. 5. The nurse is caring for a client who underwent a subtotal gastrectomy. To manage dumping syndrome, the nurse should advise the client to A. restrict fluid intake to 1 qt (1,000 mL)/day. B. drink liquids only with meals. C. don t drink liquids 2 hours before meals. D. drink liquids only between meals. 6. A client seeks care for low back pain

Peak Oil and Population free essay sample

The first of these is the depletion of resources. The Earth can only produce a limited amount of water and food, which is falling short of the current needs. Most of the environmental damage being seen in the last fifty odd years is because of the growing number of people on the planet. They are cutting down forests, hunting wildlife in a reckless manner, causing pollution and creating a host of problems. Those engaged in talking about overpopulation have noticed that acts of violence and aggression outside of a war zone have increased tremendously while competing for resources. Overcrowding I dont know about you, but back in school I heard about experiments on Norway Rats that were put in overcrowded cages, and suffered many physical and behavioral problems. The same has been shown for Sitka Deer and for mice. Some folks think this is happening to people too. Its a common observation that people in small towns are friendlier than people in cities. However, thats just a hunch for most of us. One recent study from U. C. Irvine found that less densely packed people are friendlier towards their neighbors. One specific finding was, For every 10 percent decrease in population density, the likelihood of residents talking to their neighbors at least once a week jumps by 10 percent. And involvement in hobby-oriented clubs increases even more significantly by 15 percent for every 10 percent decline in density. Overpopulation: Environmental and Social problems Human population is growing like never before. We are now adding one billion people to the planet every 12 years. Thats about 220,000 per day. The list of problems this is causing, or at least complicating, is a long one. It includes shortages of all our resources, war and social conflict, limits on personal freedom, overcrowding and the health and survival of other species. This page summarizes many of these problems, and more could easily be added. While overpopulation is not the sole cause of these, it is certainly a root cause. We hope to see more media coverage of this link in the future. We can do something about population, and we can solve all these problems more easily if we do. How about our resources? Many basic resources are strained by our current population: Food: one billion people, one out of every seven people alive, go to bed hungry. Every day, 25,000 people die of malnutrition and hunger-related diseases. Almost 18,000 of them are children under 5 years old. Food production and distribution could catch up if our population stopped growing and dropped to a sustainable level. Water Shortages: About one billion people lack access to sufficient water for consumption, agriculture and sanitation. Aquifers are being depleted faster than they can be replenished. Melting glaciers threaten the water supply for billions. Wouldnt an ethic of population reduction now, make peoples lives much better? [read more] Air quality: Pollution from smokestack In many regions of the country, childhood asthma rates have risen dramatically in the past 20 years. The problems are not limited to the industrialized countries with their automobiles and factories. Children in undeveloped countries, where people depend on burning wood and dung for their heat and cooking, are also at risk. Oil and gas are the underpinnings of what is, historically-speaking, the extremely cheap and fast transportation that todays huge population depends on. Imagine how we could feed and supply our huge cities (N. Y. , L. A. , London, Mexico City, Peking) if all the hauling was done in horse-drawn carts and sailing ships. Yet there is a finite amount of these fossil fuels in the Earth, and we have already extracted the easy-pickings in much of the world. The concept Peak Oil means that after some year, perhaps between 2005 and 2020, world oil production will max out and then start to decline. Bull pulling truck cab shell M. King Hubbert created and first used the models behind peak oil in 1956 to accurately predict that United States oil production would peak between 1965 and 1970. [1] His logistic model, now called Hubbert peak theory, and its variants have described with reasonable accuracy the peak and decline of production from oil wells, fields, regions, and countries,[2] Hubberts predictions were accurate for U. S. production, and his prediction for World peak production was around 2006. There is ample disagreement among experts as to if and when this will happen, but some experts point to the sharp rises in oil prices since 2007 as an indication that oil is now passing its peak production. See these Feb. March 2010 articles for three current estimates. As our population and our needs for energy rise, we try to exploit ever more difficult sources of energy. At least half of the cause of the oil-spill disaster in the Gulf is oil soaked pelican May 25: Lets make no mistake about it, what is at threat here is our way of life Gov. Bobby Jindal the unprecedented rise in population. If we had only 150 million people in the country, we would not be rushing to drill wells one mile deep in the ocean before we have developed safe technologies to do so. Of course our inefficient energy consumption patterns play a part in the urgency of our needs, and we will have to adjust them over time. But equal efforts must be put into keeping our population below critical levels. (news about oil gas) Other Fuel: Half the Worlds population relies on burning wood and dung for cooking and for heating. More and more people live in these regions and have to travel further each day to collect wood, and are often exposed to hardship and danger. Articles at National Geographic tell these stories from around the World. February 01, 2009 THIES, SENEGAL Adam and 100 Friends launched a region-wide initiative to provide pregnancy prevention tools called CycleBeads and also to build more energy-efficient wood stoves that will help address desertification in Senegal. The Ozone Layer. 50 years ago parents told their kids to go play outside because sunshine is good for you. Many parents today dont think that way, because the ozone layer of the atmosphere no longer protects us as well from the harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays of the sun. The ozone layer is a region of concentrated molecules of a form of oxygen (O3) high above the earth. Without it there would be no life as we know it here because the UV rays from the sun can be very harmful. But various chemicals from human industries, especially chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), destroy ozone over the course of years. Some of the most dangerous ones have been banned in many countries, which has slowed their rate of increase in the atmosphere, but they are very long lasting and will continue to deplete the ozone layer for many years. Currently the layer is being destroyed at a rate of about 4% per decade. The Worlds forests are another resource that is strained by our growing population. Not only are they a source of fuel and building material, recent research has focused on forests ability to sequester greenhouse gases and protect us from global warming. (News about forests and carbon sequestration) We are straining our Oceans ability to breed the fish we eat, to sequester carbon, and to replenish the air. In the 50s and 60s, Florida was a by-word for the abundance of the sea. Now even some of the trash fish of that era are too rare to fish commercially or recreationally. Isnt this a clarion call that we need to lower our human population so that we can again enjoy the abundance of nature? [article on Florida seafood, 2010] June 2011, The Second Annual European Fish Week, organized by Ocean2012, a coalition hoping to change the Common Fisheries Policy of the European Union. Even the earths topsoil itself has limits: most people dont realize that in many regions good growing soil is limited to the top 6 inches of topsoil and that heavy crop growing is depleting this. Social Problems Overcrowding I dont know about you, but back in school I heard about experiments on Norway Rats that were put in overcrowded cages, and suffered many physical and behavioral problems. The same has been shown for Sitka Deer and for mice. Some folks think this is happening to people too. Its a common observation that people in small towns are friendlier than people in cities. However, thats just a hunch for most of us. One recent study from U. C. Irvine found that less densely packed people are friendlier towards their neighbors. One specific finding was, For every 10 percent decrease in population density, the likelihood of residents talking to their neighbors at least once a week jumps by 10 percent. And involvement in hobby-oriented clubs increases even more significantly by 15 percent for every 10 percent decline in density. Conflicts and Wars: Some of the most brutal and persistent conflicts and full-out wars of the past decades include the stresses of overpopulation and conflict over resources. One of these was the genocide in Rwanda. As John M. Swomley wrote in War and the Population Explosion: Some Ethical Implications, Michael Renner noted that The Hutu leaders that planned and carried out the genocide against the Tutsis in 1994 relied strongly on heavily armed militias who were recruited primarily from the unemployed. These were the people who had insufficient land to establish and support a family of their own and little prospect of finding jobs outside agriculture. Their lack of hope for the future and low self esteem were channeled by the extremists into an orgy of violence against those who supposedly were to blame for these misfortunes. Another source of resource conflict is the Jordan River, Jordan River which passes through Syria, Jordan, the West Bank and Israel. Researchers report that most of the 37 actual military conflicts over water since 1950 took place between Israel and its Arab neighbors over the Jordan River and its tributaries, which supply millions of people with water for drinking, bathing, and farming. These are desert regions and the limits on water should guide the population policies of the nations involved. [article on Jordan River, 2010] The confilict between Pakistan and India are especially sensitive since both highly-populated, fast growing countries have nuclear weapons. Pakistans major water source is the glacial waters of the Indus river, which originates in Indian territory. [article on Pakistans water] [archive] Further information about the scarcity of water. Sandia Postel in her 1992 book, The Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity, indicates that early in the 90s, twenty-six countries with combined population of about 230 million people had water scarcity. Democracy? We tend to think that Democracy offers us freedom of choice, but in the last 40 years, we have had little effective input into most of the political decisions that affect our lives. Do we have a truly Democratic system when most of us never even meet our Representatives at the various levels of Government? Even our State and City representatives probably dont know us and our views about the laws and regulations they pass. The only people most of them see on a regular basis are the lobbyists, who consequently have a disproportionately large influence on those laws and regulations. Democracy and Optimum Population Size: 2500 years ago, Aristotle considered the best size for a city and concluded that a large increase in population would bring, certain poverty on the citizenry, and poverty is the cause of sedition and evil. He considered that a city of over 100,000 people would exclude most citizens from a voice in government. To get an idea of what the founders of the United States had in mind for our representative Democracy, at the low end, the Constitution says (Article 1, Section 2) that a Representative to the House should represent a minimum of 30,000 people. When the Constitution was written, the United States had a total population of around 2. 5 million, and the Constitution allocated 65 Representatives to the 13 states. So each Representative of the Peoples House had about 38,500 constituents. Currently each Representative has 712,650 constituents. Its really a form of irony today to call it the Peoples House when only wealthy donors and paid lobbyists really have the ear of your representatives. What we have now is not Democracy in the sense intended by the countrys founders. Health and Population density: Sometimes viruses spread faster in denser populations, which enables deadly mutations to continue. Doctor Nathan Wolfe, of the Global Viral Forecasting Initiative, studies virus mutations which jump from animal to human populations. The AIDS virus is one of the deadliest of these. On a recent episode of CNNs Planet in Peril, Dr. Wolfe said Individuals have been infected with these viruses forever. Whats changed, though, is in the past you had smaller human populations; viruses would infect them and go extinct. Viruses actually need population density as fuel. [read article] Bringing it back home Overcrowding If you live in a growing metropolitan area, you notice: The cost of housing is rising significantly. Usually, the denser the city, the higher the cost of housing and taxes. The length of your commute: the average American heavy trafficspends over 100 hours per year commuting to and from work. Not only does this needlessly waste energy (gas or electricity) but especially it wastes our time. Certainly most of us have better uses for our time than inching through stop-and-go traffic. Yet they keep on building housing, without paying for our wasted time and energy. Recreation: the distance you must travel to enjoy natural open spaces. In his 2005 book: Last Child in the Woods, Richard Louv introduced the term Nature deficit disorder to identify a phenomenon we all knew existed but couldnt quite articulate. His book has created a national conversation about the disconnection between children and nature, and his message has galvanized an international movement. Now, three years later, we have reached a tipping point, with the book inspiring Leave No Child Inside initiatives throughout the country. Not only adults, but especially our children, need easy casual access to natural environments. How about parking in your town? Where we live, the developers with a complicit city council just build, build, build new housing; block after block of 5 6 story buildings. They do not contain ample parking for their residential units, and they bring many more people into the town. And the developers have gobbled up several of the convenient down parking lots and turned them into more gigantic housing blocks, doubly compounding the problem. Unfortunately for the residents of the city, the outcome for many local businesses has been termination. We certainly try our best to support local businesses and would strongly prefer to shop where we can see the merchandise and talk to an informed salesperson, but we wont fruitlessly try to park, circle the block, and pay to park in a lot 3 blocks from the store. Its much faster and easier for most residents over the age of 45 to go online and have goods delivered. Many downtown stores are closed, and either vacent or replaced with fast food shops for the students who walk through on their way to and from school. The never-ending new buildings block our views, our light and our air. Twenty years ago, my town had a sense of space, with views of hills and water from most streets even downtown and nearby. But thanks to a few developers and planners emphasis on growth, many entire blocks are now walled in with 5 and 6 story behemoths. Many of us bemoan these losses and have felt helpless in the face of the financial powers backing these developments. However, if these developers had to fully pay the rest of us for the loss of our amenities, they might slow down. There is a way to put a monetary value on the losses the community has suffered. In an appraisal, a residence with a view and a spacious surrounding is more valuable than one that is boxed in between high-rise buildings. In my region that might add $100,000-$200,000 (or more) to the value of a house. If 2 people spend perhaps 10 waking hours a day there and own the house for 5 years, that works out to about 36,500 waking hours. Thats $2. 74 $5. 48 per hour. Lets call it $3. 00 per hour for the sake of this very rough estimate. Of course, no one person spends 10 hours a day at one spot on a city street, but many hundreds (or thousands) of people do pass by. In my town of about 100,000 people, perhaps 100 cars/hour and 100 pedestrians per hour pass through the downtown blocks. (More in the daytime and fewer at night. ) The buildings which are being built take up an average of about half a block apiece. By rough estimate, it takes a car 10 seconds to pass, and a pedestrian one minute. That works out to 46. 7 person-hours/day that someone is being deprived of light and air and a sense of spaciousness. At $3. 00 per hour, thats $140 a day or a little over $51,000 per year. These buildings may last 40-50 years, making the total value of the lost amenity $2,040,000-$2,550,000. The problem so far has been that when an individual buys or sells a single house, they control what they are willing to spend or what they can ask for that asset. But when a building is built in town, the 4,000 or 5,000 people per day who pass by it are not compensated for their loss. However, that is what government can do, and we suggest permitting and licensing fees to compensate us for our losses. The city can charge this to the developer, and apply the resulting city income to mitigating these losses by purchasing other sites the development rights to other sites. These are, of course, very rough estimates, and a permitting law would require better estimation of the current value of spaciousness in the community, and of the foot and vehicle traffic past any proposed building site. Personal Freedom As the problems of higher population density become worse, there are more and more restrictions placed on our freedoms. You may think some of these are good ideas. Some of them are, given the circumstances. But they are necessary only in order to accommodate the larger population that our policies are encouraging. Putting limits on water consumption. California is mandating that residential users cut back 20% on water consumption. At the same time they mandate that Cities build more and more housing. That is severely mistaken priorities on the part of our non-representatives. Cities put limits on driving London charges people to drive into downtown. Annually, politicians in New York repeatedly propose doing the same thing. Limits on travel: Traffic and congestion themselves put limits on our freedom to travel when and where we please. Cities that are overly crowded are not good places to go shopping, for meals or entertainments, because it is overly difficult to get there and park. One seemingly small loss of freedom that comes with increased housing density is limits on burning fires in fireplaces. Laws are passed, neighbors snitch on neighbors, and one more of lifes little pleasures is lost to increasing housing density. Restricting what people can do on their land: In rural areas, people are freer to build what they want and do what they want on their own land. When people are packed in close together, our actions impinge much more directly on our neighbors and more restrictions must be enacted. How about other species? Species Extinction: We are in the midst of one of the greatest extinctions of other species in the history of the planet. The last one of this magnitude was over 60 million years ago, when the dinosaurs became extinct. Yep, were the cause of this one, as we either kill them off outright, or cover over their living space with houses, roads and development. Did God give us dominion over this beautiful garden that we might destroy it, or that we might take care of the glory of creation? Its our choice. Habitat destruction: Our exploding population in the U. S. is converting about 1. 2 million acres of rural land per year to subdivisions, malls, workplaces, roads, parking lots, resorts and the like. The rural area lost to development between 1982 and 1997 is about equal to the entire land mass of Maine and New Hampshire combined. (Approximately 39,000 square miles or 25 million acres) Habitat Fragmentation in the Indiana Dunes Habitat Fragmentation Not only is habitat being built over, it is also being divided into ever-smaller pieces. Habitat fragmentation reduces species richness and diversity, by isolating a species population into subpopulations that may be too near the minimum viable population size, and so die off in each fragment. A fundamental finding of ecology is the species-area relationship, that the size of a habitat is a primary determinant of the number of species in that habitat. Some critics point out that we can accommodate more people without so much habitat loss and habitat fragmentation if we all live in cities or densely packed developments. This is certainly true, but the point we emphasize here at HowMany. org is that this is not what most people want. Jaguar Many people, given the choice, prefer to live on larger parcels. Many people want larger yards and gardens, and get-away cabins where you cant see your neighbors. And we can continue to have these amenities if we re-energize a vision of a smaller, more sustainable population. Habitat fragmentation endangers the Jaguars in Costa Rica. (May 12, 2010) More news about Endangered Species Habitat. Does a growing population really help any of us? These are some of the ways our growing population is impinging on our quality of life, and in many regions of the Globe, life itself. Its a long list, and more could be added. As some point out, these problems are not entirely the result of overpopulation. We could consume less, we could use resources more efficiently, and we could distribute them in ways that would not deprive so many of access to the basics. But there is no doubt that these these problems could be solved more easily if we dont add 3 billion or 5 billion, or many many more people to our lovely planet. And coverage of the link is almost nonexistent in most media outlets, even those covering the environmental and social problems that ensue. This is the most basic question that an intelligent species could ask: What is the right number of us to be living on our fair planet? Instead of saying there is nothing we can do about it, just accommodating to the imagined inevitability of it, shouldnt we be asking Does a growing population really help any of us? Its hard to think of a current problem which will be solved more easily by adding another 2. 3 billion people to our population.

Families and the Buying Decision Process †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Families and the Buying Decision Process. Answer: Families form societal institutions that shape how other family members make decisions. Beyond social roles, families have been found to serve a critical role to determine purchase decision making processes among family members and relatives (Polya Sandor, 2013). In fact, families play a significant role in terms of consumer socialization and in the end, this influences how children become consumers. In one of his studies for instance, Polya and Sandor maintain that it forms a framework under which children start learning on different ways to behave as potential consumers, obtain all relevant competencies pertaining to buying and consumption, from which they turn into competent to other consumers. Change of roles among children in families is not a recent thing, but it has been in the air for the past years. It has affected purchase decision making processes among families (Koc, 2004). Children see themselves in the same position as the rest of the family members. In most cases, they gain knowledge concerning what parents do and make a competency decision. Chander Raza (2015) claim that in fact, most children have learnt to become consumers than their counterparts a few decades ago. We can differentiate two different situations that contribute to one making decision in a family: at an individual level and at a group level. When a product is affordable, it might cause any problem and hence, can be bought easily by family members. Nonetheless, in the case that a product has a high value, then several members of the family take part in the decision making with each member taking different roles. This aspect brings out a family as an important component in the decision making process. In one of the studies conducted by Comegys, Hannula and Visnen (2006), the decision making process assumes five key stages. They include recognizing customer needs, searching for information, conducting evaluation, making final decision to purchase the product, and post purchase behaviour. In every part of these stages, families take part in shaping the decisions of their children. Hibi? and Poturak (2016) refer to need recognition as the problem seeking stage. This is when one member of the family sees the difference between the state they would like to have and the current actual state. Of course, other factors that play a role include income, family size, education, race, sex, age, and marital status. Information search by customers makes it possible to use a number of techniques and tools in order to collect critical information that shows different products and services already available in stores. A perfect case is an exploratory study conducted by Chander Raza (2015) to understand the extent to which male and female provided information in an electronic decision making process. The study targeted tourists that travelled as a group. The findings revealed that spouses preferred consulting among themselves to gain more information about the services and possible destination points. Similarly, Polya and Sandor (2013) explain that through active information search, children always engage their parents or close relatives to offer information regarding brands, prices, models, and quality, among other critical information. Koc (2004) posit that consumers also receive information through personal sources such as family and friends, experimental sources, public sources, and commercial sources. While commercial sources contribute greatly towards generation of information, Koc, acknowledges that the personal source offers the most effective information. Evaluation of alternatives help consumers in setting rules, cut-off, or attributes concerning product choices available. While these are the most minimum acceptable levels, customers end up using an alternative they perceive as trustworthy. This could be through first-hand experience in consumption of products. Family members and friends have been found to top the list in this category. According to Petkovski and Mirchevska (2013), they are more willing to share their testimonies on product use, cost, and value. Of course, families play a key role in assigning potential consumers reduce the list of alternatives. The Purchase decision comes after a customer has already evaluated available alternatives. Comegys, et al (2006) illustrate that attitude of family members, the community, or friends might put pressure on customers to change their preferences. The second factor might include prices as part of unexpected occurrences. However, what of if these factors fail to have an impact on a customer? This would result in what Comegys, et al refer to as impulse buying. Even after an individual has purchased the product, the purchase process will still go on. Two important factors that always come in the minds of marketers and retailers include post-purchase satisfaction and post-purchase actions. Again, families interact to influence one another to make repurchases or preferences. Marketers might target mothers or newlywed couples to purchase home products. As a group, couples are likely to seek information from one another because of preferences and loyalty. Therefore, it is evident that throughout the five decision making processes, families play significant roles in influencing purchase behaviours. References Chander, S., Raza, M. (2015) Consumer Buying Behaviour: A Comparative Study of Male and Female Users of Electronics, Abasyn University Journal Of Social Sciences, 8(1), 47-61. Comegys, C., Hannula, M., Visnen, J. (2006) Longitudinal comparison of Finnish and US online shopping behaviour among university students: The five-stage buying decision process, Journal Of Targeting, Measurement Analysis For Marketing, 14(4), pp. 336-356. Hibi?, S., Poturak, M. (2016) Impact of a Brand on Consumer Decision-making Process, European Journal of Economic Studies, 17(3), pp. 405-414 Koc, E. (2004) The Role of Family Members in the Family Holiday Purchase Decision-Making Process, International Journal of Hospitality Tourism Administration, 5(2), pp. 85-102 Petkovski, V., Mirchevska, T. P. (2013) The concept of anchoring and psychological pricing in the customer's decision making process, Economic Development (3), pp. 45-56. Polya, E., Sandor, R. (2013) Examining the role of family members in family buying enter in adult Hungarian population, European Scientific Journal, Vol. 19, pp. 1857-7881