Write a research critique of 6 research papers on communication Essay

Write a research critique of 6 research papers on communication between parents and children on sex education - Essay Example ) examined whether the family type or parenting style, taking into consideration socio-economic status and whether the families were single- or multi-parent environments, maintained a direct correlation with child willingness to report sexual activity or influenced early sexual experimentation. Surveys were distributed to approximately 8,766 students with widely-different socio-economic backgrounds, with questions addressing parental style in relation to strictness or more liberal parents in order to indicate whether a correlation existed between these factors and early teenage sexual exploration. The results indicated that children from lone parent families or those adolescents who were born to teenage mothers were more likely to explore sexual gratification than those from multi-parented families. Levels of parental restrictive behaviours maintained no connection to early-age sexual exploration. The results tend to support the notion that the traditional nuclear family, consisting of a biological mother and father, creates a more stable environment in which todays youths are more willing to discuss sexuality and sexual experimentation due to an increased parental support network which single parent families usually cannot provide in abundance. This assessment is likely due to the financial and work-related strains of a single parent who is not as widely-available to children to provide ongoing encouragement toward safe and responsible sexual behaviours. Henslin (2003) supports this notion, as the author suggests that lone-parent families are often the catalyst for child willingness to explore early sexual behaviours due to diminished authoritarian presences (the second parent) in the household. Perhaps the results of this particular study can assist health care professionals to address the dangers of early-age sexual exploration to the youth by first addressing the socio-ec onomic and family structure of children during youth counselling sessions. Recognising

Equipment and Books Essay Example for Free

Equipment and Books Essay Use of persons name Specific dedication for person to know why he being recognized Public display of all awards Follow-ups Timely Manner If motivation is properly handled, employees will always be happy and the organization will retain their staff for longer time periods. Educational workplaces require books and equipment such as computers, laboratory equipments, and agricultural equipments for all staff and students. If equipment is not adequate, the staff may be strained and this may cause unnecessary delays in lectures and work. Some workplaces may lack current books because of proper funding and this may pose a major challenge to the staff. Cultural Differences Educational workplaces often are filled with people from different cultures. Cultural beliefs influence human behaviors to a great extent and as cultures differ it often makes it difficult to design an environment that is conducive to performance and satisfaction. An example would be a colleague who believes that women should not expose their faces. This cultural diversity will often make it difficult for women to associate with individuals who may find difficulty in relating to them. Cultural differences influences the following in educational workplaces Mode of dressing Food served; some people eat snakes and frogs while to others don’t Associations in the institution Language used Team work In any workplace, teamwork poses challenges to many people. This is because of attitudes, values beliefs and behavior. Some individuals may have bad attitude which may affect the goal being sought after by the team, thus affecting other group members. Others may exhibit behaviors that one may not wish to associate with. In order to find compatibility, educational workplaces should have working teamwork members who encourage all individuals to associate with others without consideration of their culture. Team work may result in positive consequences for competing teams and these instances may follow: Team members becoming more close and displaying greater loyalty from its members and some members who are close in rank may bury some of their internal differences. Team climate changes from informal, casual, playful and work and task oriented members as well, while concerns for member’s psychological needs decline while concern for task accomplishment is increased. Leadership patterns tend to change from more democratic toward more autocratic while the team becomes more willing to tolerate autocratic leadership Each team becomes more structured and organized Each team demands more loyalty and conformity from its members in order to be able to present a â€Å"solid front† What happens between competing team? Each team begins to see the other teams as the enemy, rather than merely a neutral object. Each team begins to experience distortions of perception and tends to perceive only the best outcomes while denying weakness and allows competing teams to perceive only negative assumptions of the other team members while denying their strengths, as each team is likely to develop a negative stereotype of the other such as saying, â€Å"They don’t play fair like we do. † Hostility toward the other team increases while interaction and communication with the other team decreases, thus it becomes easier to maintain negative stereotypes and more difficult to correct perceptual distortions. If the teams are forced into interaction, for example, or if they are forced to listen to representatives pleading their own and the other’s causes, in reference to some task that each team, they are likely to listen more closely to their own representative and not to listen to the representative of the another’s team member, except to find fault with his presentation, in other words, team members tend to listen only for that which supports their own position and stereotype. What happens to the winner? Winners retains their confidence and may become even more cohesive Winner tends to release more tension and become more casual and playful. Winner lean towards higher intra-groups and display more cooperation and concern for other member’s needs. Winners can become complacent and feel that winning has confirmed a positive stereotype and as the negative stereotypes of the â€Å"enemy† team, there is little basis for reevaluating perceptions or reexamining team operations, in order to learn how to improve them. What happens to the loser? If the situation permits some ambiguity in the decision (if judges have rendered it as a close game), there is a strong tendency for the loser to deny or distort the reality of losing and instead, the loser will find psychological escapes such as (the judges were biased) or (the judges did not really explain the rules of the game, clearly) or possibly they may think (if luck had not been against us at the one key point, we would have won,† and so on. If loss is accepted, the losing team tends to splinter and as unresolved conflicts come to surface, fights may breaks out. A losing team member is more tense and may be ready to work harder and may be desperate to find someone or something to blame their loss on. They may blame the team leader, the judges who decided against them or even the rules or the game. (The â€Å"lean and hungry† state). A losing member may look for inter-group cooperation, have little concern for other team member’s needs or huge concern for recouping, by working harder. A losing team member often learn a lot about themselves while working as a team, because positive and negative stereotypes of the other team are upset by their own loss, forcing a reevaluation of perceptions as a consequence and a losing member is more likely to reorganize their ideas and accept their loss more realistically. J. FUNDS In a workplace, funding a project that is viewed as personal is not easy. For example, funding research by one lecturer may be very difficult, although the outcome may benefit the institution and again, some projects may be very expensive and even the institution may not have the capacity to fund the project, therefore they may need external funding. Workplace funds may also be misused by staff members.

Organizational Structures Essay -- Business Organization Management

Introduction The design of a company affects every aspect of the business such as the way its members communicate, how decisions are made, and how the work is delegated, etcetera (Dictionary.com, 2006). This layout is known as the organization structure formally defined by Wikipedia (2006) as, "the way in which the interrelated groups of an organization are constructed. From a managerial point of view the main concerns are ensuring effective communication and coordination." In respects to project management there are three primary organizational break downs they are functional structure, pure project structure, and matrix structure. We will take a look into each of these structures to better identify the similarities and differences between them. Functional Structure In a functional arrangement, power or status is defined by a vertical hierarchy. This structure clearly defines the roles and responsibilities of its members and the chain of command is plainly outlined. (Kerzner, 2003). Functional structure is seen in large organizations such as the central government, polices forces and the armed forces. Large businesses have continuous rolling programs of similar repetitive or semi-repetitive work and this structure is typically used to improve systems, procedures, methods or products within the company. Due to the repetitive nature of the functional structure people are able to build a variety of skills that they can use from one project to the next. Projects within this structure would commonly be handled internally rather than externally. (Cogeco, 2006). When modifying systems or methods within a business it is beneficial for the company to have in-house employees who have direct contact with the work to handle the ... ...posite of functional and may be a little more costly then the other organizational break downs. The matrix structure best suits construction projects due to its high level of flexibility and adaptability. Knowing this information will give an organization direction in regards to which structure will best fit them. References: (2006). Module 4 Project Management Organizational Structures and Standards. Retrieved on December 16, 2006 from http://home.cogeco.ca/~pcreighton/PMWEB/Module%2004.htm Kerzner, H. (2003). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Plan, Scheduling, and Controlling 8th Edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc. Organization. (2006). Dictionary.com. Retrieved on December 17, 2006 from http://www.dictionary.com Organizational Structures. (2006). Wikipedia the free online encyclopedia. Retrieved on December 17, 2006 from http://www.wikipedia.com Organizational Structures Essay -- Business Organization Management Introduction The design of a company affects every aspect of the business such as the way its members communicate, how decisions are made, and how the work is delegated, etcetera (Dictionary.com, 2006). This layout is known as the organization structure formally defined by Wikipedia (2006) as, "the way in which the interrelated groups of an organization are constructed. From a managerial point of view the main concerns are ensuring effective communication and coordination." In respects to project management there are three primary organizational break downs they are functional structure, pure project structure, and matrix structure. We will take a look into each of these structures to better identify the similarities and differences between them. Functional Structure In a functional arrangement, power or status is defined by a vertical hierarchy. This structure clearly defines the roles and responsibilities of its members and the chain of command is plainly outlined. (Kerzner, 2003). Functional structure is seen in large organizations such as the central government, polices forces and the armed forces. Large businesses have continuous rolling programs of similar repetitive or semi-repetitive work and this structure is typically used to improve systems, procedures, methods or products within the company. Due to the repetitive nature of the functional structure people are able to build a variety of skills that they can use from one project to the next. Projects within this structure would commonly be handled internally rather than externally. (Cogeco, 2006). When modifying systems or methods within a business it is beneficial for the company to have in-house employees who have direct contact with the work to handle the ... ...posite of functional and may be a little more costly then the other organizational break downs. The matrix structure best suits construction projects due to its high level of flexibility and adaptability. Knowing this information will give an organization direction in regards to which structure will best fit them. References: (2006). Module 4 Project Management Organizational Structures and Standards. Retrieved on December 16, 2006 from http://home.cogeco.ca/~pcreighton/PMWEB/Module%2004.htm Kerzner, H. (2003). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Plan, Scheduling, and Controlling 8th Edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc. Organization. (2006). Dictionary.com. Retrieved on December 17, 2006 from http://www.dictionary.com Organizational Structures. (2006). Wikipedia the free online encyclopedia. Retrieved on December 17, 2006 from http://www.wikipedia.com

Miseducation of Filipino Essay

Prof. Renato Constantino, in his essay entitled â€Å"The Miseducation of the Filipino†, writes about the coming about of the miseducation and the consequences of such action in the lives of the Filipinos, then, now, and perhaps the future. Promoting and imposing the â€Å"unFilipino† identity in Filipinos was the miseducation that Americans pursued during the time when they â€Å"posed† as a benevolent ally to the Philippines, and they proved victorious indeed because they had completely subjugated the Filipinos, both in minds and in hearts. Education is a very vital factor for one’s development. And as we all know, through education, one’s mind is molded because of the teachings, ideas, and values taught to him. Due to this fact, it’s only either of the two that will happen: the person will become productive provided that he was taught with the right things, or, the person will become otherwise since he acquired negative things. Personally, I learned and realized many things about the history and relationship between the Americans and the Filipinos upon reading this paper. It is quite intriguing what the main reasons really were the Americans in taking power over the Philippines. Was it for the good of the Filipinos or the Americans’ good? Whatever it was, they succeeded in almost every aspect of conquering the land because they knew the most effective way to subjugate Filipinos minds: by controlling our education. They created a new generation of good colonials, the â€Å"unFilipino† Filipinos. The indigenous ways of life of Filipinos had been changed to the American way of life. That was ridiculous because certainly, America and Philippines vastly differed from each other in so many ways, and therefore, their ways of life based on their differing needs should be entirely different. But the Americans insisted on creating a â€Å"carbon-copy† of themselves in Filipinos through the imposition of their language in their education. I went to elementary and high school in the Philippines, and I know for a fact they used both English  and Tagalog as the media of teaching. In the long run, I think this resulted in both positive and negative ways — positively, because I was uprooted to the U.S. and I was able to use the â€Å"smattering† English I know to communicate with others, and negatively, because as I have just realized, I feel the â€Å"impediment† in my thought process because I cannot think consistently in one language. All in all, I liked this piece because it reiterates the importance of education to not only produce literate people but also to produce people who would use that education to better their nation.

Recipe for the American Dream

Writing 100 October 28, 2009 Essay 2 Recipe for the American Dream Since the establishment of this country, Americans have set their eyes on success. The way we define success has changed along with technology. The American Dream is â€Å"that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. †[1] When repeating this phrase out loud one draws up images of fancy cars, big houses, quality clothes, etc. What Adams fails to mention is that success requires work, furthermore success in terms of fancy cars, big houses and other luxuries require over 40 hours a week of work. The more time one spends at work, the less time one has to spend doing other things. Ellen Goodman’s â€Å"The Company Man†, is a prime example of why spending an excessive amount of time working is harmful to a human being. In providing a comfortable life for his family, the main character neglects to have a presence in his home. The pursuit of the American Dream calls for an unbalanced lifestyle, which alienates individuals from their families. Very early on, Americans are taught to believe that the more one does, the more one receives in return. It is undeniable that this ideology stems from biblical teachings; â€Å"for whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reap. † (Galatians 6:7) This ideology continues to get instilled in every aspect of the average American’s life. The more studying a student does, the better grade the student receives. The more an athlete practices, the better athlete he’ll become. It is not odd that adults keep this ingrained in their minds as they go into the workforce. The more time and energy spent on the job, the more money and benefits an employee will receive. Money is an important ingredient in making the American Dream become a reality, and Americans experience constant reminders of the need to live the dream, through the media and peers. Living the Dream is not a crime in itself, but what gets sacrificed in the process may prove to be more valuable than most of the objects themselves. Christopher Clausen helps readers to understand in â€Å"Against Work† that â€Å"the workaholic†¦neglects his family, withdraws from social life and loses interest in sex. (Clausen 673) Phil, the main character in Goodman’s, â€Å"The Company Man† works â€Å"himself to death, finally and precisely at 3:00 am Sunday morning. † (Goodman 629) Before his death, Phil â€Å"worked six days a week, five of them until eight or nine at night, during a time when his own company had begun the four-day week for everyone but the executiv es. He had no outside extracurricular interests† (Goodman 329), not even his life at home. It is heartbreaking for someone to die leaving their offspring to go around â€Å"asking the neighbors what [their father] was like† the â€Å"day and a half before the funeral. (Goodman 630) Phil is so consumed by his job that his children never have the opportunity to connect with him and get to know him as a person, rather than simply their biological father. His wife admits to â€Å"missing him all these years† (Goodman 629), which shows his absence as her companion. Phil never grasps the concept of balance, which is understandable considering the Dream he makes a reality never puts balance into the equation. â€Å"Working to earn one’s bread is something few people can escape. Working out of moral vanity is sheer self-deception. [2] It is true that the majority of people work because they are conscious of the fact that they will receive compensation for their time spent working. While it is imperative to earn enough to put food on the table and clothing on the backs of our loved ones, it is also imperative keep life outside of work in mind. Although working to obtain a â€Å"comfortable† life, without having to live from paycheck to paycheck demands a lot of time from a weekly schedule, there are benefits to hard work besides earning more disposable income. Some would agree with Voltaire who states that â€Å"Work spares us from three great evils: boredom, vice and need. [3] Work will absolutely remedy boredom, and vice, but people will always have a need for something else. Work satisfies the need of money to provide food, clothing and shelter, but it disregards the need for love, care and affection. Many Americans struggle with finding a balance of work and family. It is far too often the case that individuals choose to pursue riches, while leaving every other aspect of their lives to suffer. It is ironic that Phil and many oth ers like him work to provide the family with a â€Å"better† life, according to American standards, while neglecting everything that makes a life meaningful. A study of Workaholism states that â€Å"spouses and children of workaholics report feeling lonely, unloved, isolated, and emotionally and physically abandoned. †[4] This behavior is reflected in Phil’s wife and children. â€Å"His second child†¦lives near her mother and they are close, but whenever she was alone with her father, in a car driving somewhere, they had nothing to say to each other. † (Goodman 630) Since Phil was absent so frequently, his own daughter feels no connection to him, even when he is present, it is as if she is riding along with a stranger. Phil works his way near the top of his company, but has nothing to show for it. Yes, he earns a great deal of money, but look at what it costs him in the long run. â€Å"He works like the important people† only to have the company president, on the afternoon of the funeral to begin, â€Å"discreetly of course, with care and taste to make inquiries about his replacement. † (Goodman 630) To the company, Phil, and others like him are disposable, like plastic spoons used to mix up the ingredients for turning the Dream into a reality. His hard work at the job did not console his wife, nor did it establish a strong relationship with his children. Phil’s work ethic even steered the youngest of his children away from obtaining a â€Å"serious† job. â€Å"The youngest†¦has spent the last couple of years, like a lot his friends, doing enough odd jobs to stay in grass and food. He was the one who tried to grab at his father, and tried to mean enough to him to keep the man at home. † (Goodman 630) The boy is traumatized by the way his father lived his life. Work is what causes his father to withdraw from his family, and there is no doubt that the American Dream is what spearheads the separation. The need to ensure the family â€Å"happiness† pushes Phil to working toward the top of his career, eventually causing the detachment. It is very easy to get wrapped up in wanting to procure certain material things for one’s family, especially living in America. It is understandable that an individual may want to acquire the â€Å"finer† things in life, but doing so should not take precedence over any other aspects of life, such as one’s family. Once family alliances become solidified in the workaholic father's absence, spouses resent having their turfs violated when workaholics do try to become more actively involved in their families. Older children, too, often rebuff the workaholic's attempts to reconnect with the family because they feel the reentry is too little, too late, or both. â€Å"[5] Too much of one thin g is never a good thing, there needs to be a balance in order achieve more in life. In attempting to take the ingredients for cooking up the American Dream, one needs to consider adding the spice of balance into the recipe, without it, the Dream is bittersweet. Works Cited Sheet †¢ (Adams-Truslow, John). â€Å"What is the American Dream? † The Epic America. 2002. 28 Oct. 2009 http://memory. loc. gov/learn/lessons/97/dream/thedream. html †¢ (Clausen, Christopher) â€Å"Against Work† Occasions for Writing, Di Yanni & Hoy. Eds. New York: Thompson, 2008 672-676. Print †¢ (Goodman, Ellen) â€Å"The Company Man† Occasions for Writing, Di Yanni & Hoy. Eds. New York: Thompson, 2008 629-630. Print †¢ Healthcare Training Institute. Study of Workaholism Part II: Spouses and Children of Workaholics http://www. homestudycredit. com/courses/contentWK/secWK16. html †¢ Voltaire http://www. uotesdaddy. com/quote/302901/voltaire/work-spares-us-from-three-evils-boredom-vice-and-need ———————– [1] Adams-Truslow, John. â€Å"What is the American Dream? † The Epic America. 2002. 28 Oct. 2009 http://memory. loc. gov/learn/lessons/97/dream/thedream. html [2] Clausen, Christopher. Against Work [3] Voltaire http://www. quotesdaddy. com/quote/302901/voltaire/work-spares-us-from-three-evils-boredom-vice-and-need [4] Healthcare Training Institute. Study of Workaholism Part II: Spouses and Children of Workaholics http://www. homestudycredit. com/courses/contentWK/secWK16. html [5] Ibid

fireball

fireball Theme Paragraph for Hold FastKyle Sawyer, Block:B, November.18thIn facing adversity a person's strength and determination will allow them to take control of their own destiny. For example, when Michael comes home late from a date with Brenda his Uncle Ted finds out and threatens Michael that if Curtis ever did that he'd "have his ass red enough by now. And [he] got a damn good mind to try it on" Michael. Pg 107. But Michael stands up to Ted's shaking fist in the air intimidating Ted to hit him, with Michael teasing Ted by saying "com'on, com'on hit me"! Ted gets even angrier because Michael is standing up to him but he walks away. Michael showed strength and determination standing up to Ted because he did not want Ted to control him and whom he was. Secondly, Michael is in English class when Kentson and his friends start teasing him about going out with Brenda.Michael, being the only one standing up to him lets Kentson know to "keep [his] tongue quiet if [he] knows what's good for [h im]". Pg. 117. Kentson continued and then Michael took "One smack and sent him sailing back over the seats". Pg. 118. Michael was determined to not have Kentson tease anyone again and he showed strength in standing up to Kentson when no one else had. Thirdly, When Michael comes home from school after being expelled for giving Kentson a concussion, Ted finds out and is furious. Ted yells at Michael and "made a lunge for [Michael]. Grabbing [his] shoulders and rammed [him] up against the kitchen wall banging [his] head in." Pg. 140. As soon as Ted let Michael drop, Michael screamed telling Ted "Don't you offer to lay another finger on me! Don't you offer or I'll have...

Chasing Amy essays

Chasing Amy essays Chasing Amy: Exposing the Deceit While it appears to be an open-minded exploration into the complexities of sexuality and gender, Chasing Amy is in actuality little more than a cover-up for the set of myths that encompass the plot. In this article, I will first uncover these myths, then reveal the truths that expose them. On its face, the film is about two young comic book artists who fall in love. The subtext of the movie, though, is about something far more political, and far more disturbing. Lesbian: Disgruntled Straight Woman Myth: Any lesbian can be straightened out if only she were to meet the right guy. Womens sexuality should be subject to male desires; what women really need, especially those stubborn lesbians, is some serious male domination. Banky: Whatd I tell you - she just needs the right guy. All every woman really wants - be it mother, senator, nun - is some serious deep-dicking. Myth: Every woman can love either men or women; there is no common ground. When Holden proclaims his love for Alyssa, she screams about how difficult it would be for her to make the switch: Holden: But thats every relationship! Theres always going to be a period of adjustment. Alyssa: Period of adjustment?!? THERES NO PERIOD OF ADJUSTMENT! IM FUCKING GAY! THATS WHO I AM! AND YOU ASSUME I CAN TURN ALL THAT AROUND JUST BECAUSE YOU HAVE A FUCKING CRUSH? The strange thing is, she turns around and changes to a heterosexual anyway, just to be with him. Myth: What constitutes a normal couple is a man, no matter what his sexual past, and a sexually kept woman. Throughout the film, Alyssas character is constructed as seemingly outlandish, unconventional, and not given to accepting tradition without question. As the plot unfolds, we learn of her wild sexual past, which includes a few threesomes and some ...

3 jobs you can get with a cosmetology license -TheJobNetwork

3 jobs you can get with a cosmetology license -TheJobNetwork If you’ve recently earned your cosmetology license then congratulations are in order- you’ve worked hard to learn the trade and build the skills necessary to be successful in this fast-growing field. Now, there’s one more step for you to take, and that’s to find a job. If you’re new to the field of cosmetology, you have a reason to be optimistic as you embark upon your career journey- according to the U.S. Department of Labor, employment opportunities for cosmetologists is expected to grow approximately 13 percent over the next decade, faster than the average for all careers. Simply put, as the population grows across most demographic sectors, the demand for the range of services that cosmetologists provide should grow as well, along with the need for talented and credentialed professionals.That’s great news! Now, all you need to do is weigh your options and focus on the type of job you’d like to pursue. Ultimately, your choice of care er path should match your interests, goals, and skill set, but if you’re looking for some ideas, consider the following 3 jobs that you can pursue with your cosmetology license.HairstylistDo you have a knack for styling and making the most out of people’s hair? If so, then consider a career as a hairstylist. Hairstylists are typically motivated self-starters who like working directly with people and genuinely enjoy making others happy with their hair creations and consulting. Although requirements for becoming a licensed hairstylist may vary by state, you can typically get started with a high school diploma or equivalent and licensure.Work opportunities are typically plentiful, and you have the option of working for a salon, renting a chair in a salon, or being your own boss- which means that you can be selective with the type of clientele you’d like to specialize in working with. If this sort of professional opportunity and freedom sounds good to you, and youâ €™ve got the desire and skills, then this may be a smart career move for you.Beauty blogger/vloggerAre you a whiz with words or charismatic in front of the camera, and love nothing more than talking about the world of beauty? If this sounds like you, then consider getting started as a blogger or vlogger. This fast-growing industry has a potential audience of millions of interested individuals who follow what industry leaders, influencers, and tastemakers say about the latest and greatest in makeup, grooming, fashion, and beauty products. The venues available for getting your content to the public are wide, with everything from YouTube or Instagram Stories for video to WordPress for writing and Instagram for photo sharing- it all depends on the sort of content you’d like to make your focus.If you build a large enough following, you can see incredible profits from advertising and sponsorships (not to mention free products from companies who want you to speak about their new offerings). If this sounds like the perfect opportunity for you, then choose a platform, polish your message, and start creating content.EstheticianIf your beauty and grooming interests lie more towards skincare and spa treatments, then consider pursuing a career as an esthetician. These beauty and grooming professionals focus primarily on addressing hair and skincare issues and consulting with individuals on a wide range of issues, from laser hair removal to acne treatment, exfoliation, and personal body care.After completing a state-approved program and passing the required licensing exam, estheticians typically work in health, wellness, beauty, and spa settings, and opportunities exist within existing, established business- or you can start your own business and be the boss. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, â€Å"Employment of skincare specialists is projected to grow 14 percent from 2016 to 2026, faster than the average for all occupations. The desire among many wome n and a growing number of men to reduce the effects of aging will result in employment growth. Good job opportunities are expected.†If you’ve recently earned your cosmetology license and are looking to move forward in your career journey, consider one of these excellent options to make the most of your skills and achieve professional satisfaction and success. Good luck!

My Theory of Literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My Theory of Literacy - Essay Example Computer skills are needed in education as well as in the job. What good an individual that can just read and write do in the contemporary organization in which manual work has been replaced with mechanical work? In the past, individuals with an ability to write and read were considered literate because these two skills sufficed to be employed in any organization, but contemporary organizations are way more demanding. The contemporary definition of literacy is incomplete unless the significance of computer skills is acknowledged and set as one of the criteria for judgment of an individual literacy. Charles Bazerman defined literacy in these words, â€Å"Literacy does not require or inexorably lead to any particular development, but it is a powerful tool available for organizing, extending, providing resources for, and transforming all of our social endeavors† (Bazerman cited in Goggin). Writing is conventionally associated with creativity. Every piece of writing has to be orig inal or it would be considered as plagiarized. Thus, writing is essentially a creation and the writer is an inventor, but Bazerman does not consider such a person necessarily literate. His definition of literacy requires a literate person to be able to organize, promote, support and transform his/her social efforts using his/her literary skills. All of these functions are achieved with a computer these days. Computer helps organize the data. Programs like Microsoft Excel help not only organize the data, but also perform different kinds of functions upon it. Programs like Corel Draw transform imagination into reality. An in-depth analysis of the computer skills suggests that use of computer does a lot to improve a person’s social and critical analysis skills. â€Å"Many contemporary perspectives on literacy view scripted text as one component of complex acts and practices of written communication that occur in social contexts† (Goggin). Modern age is characterized by so cial media. Today, writing has evolved so much that it encapsulates a lot of linguistic styles that were unknown to the writers of the past. Old literature is characterized by formality. Modern literature is informal to the maximum limits. In the past, there used to be abbreviations for long words. Nowadays, there are abbreviations for phrases. For example, â€Å"also known as† is written as â€Å"aka†, â€Å"laughing out loud† is written as â€Å"lol†. These are only two of the hundreds of abbreviations that chatting on social media websites has given birth to. Today, an individual who is able to write but does not understand or use these abbreviations in the scripts is as illiterate as anyone in the past who could not write. These abbreviations and such other modifications of literature are a result of the time-based modification in the assumptions and values of people. Robert Scholes had realized the importance of modern and emerging linguistic pattern s in the writing back in 1985. He expressed his realization in these words: What students need from us . . . now is the kind of knowledge and skill that will enable them to make sense of their worlds, to determine their own interests, both individual and collective, to see through the manipulations of all sorts of texts in all sorts of media, and to express their own views in some appropriate manner. (Scholes cited in Schwartz). Of the two texts, Schwartz has presented a more rational analysis of the concept of literacy by emphasizing upon the need to

Weyco & Child Labor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Weyco & Child Labor - Essay Example It was observed that numerous workers were successful to quit smoking; however, there were certain workers who failed to do so and ultimately were fired (WELCOA, 2005). Contextually, the anti-smoking policy implemented by Howard Weyers, the CEO of Weyco, can be considered as partially correct and justified as it would help the employees to live a healthier life by quitting smoking habits. Conversely, it can be stated that Weyer’s attempt to regulate employee’s tobacco consumption outside organization which can be considered to be conflicting with the privacy interests of the employees (Lype, 2012). Employees, in this context might feel that their rights-to-privacy are being threatened by a certain extent. From a generalized view, it can be stated that employers do not possess the rights to interfere in employees’ personal affairs with no relation to the organizational interests. However, those criticizing Weyco with similar policies needs to consider that compani es have a legal duty to offer a safe and healthy workplace, which might as well comprise of a smoke free air. Withdrawing the paid and sponsored health care benefits to one and all would be a viable alternative in comparison to firing the employees. Consequently, if a greater number of firms attempt prohibiting smoking inside the workplace, it would be a good thing for corporate America. However, cessation of smoking outside organization might not prove as a viable option with greater chances for companies of being exposed to lawsuits on the basis of discrimination and assault of employee privacy. When faced with similar situation, instead of adopting intrusive means, attempts can be made to motivate the employees in participating voluntarily in such programs (Darrow, 2005). Child Labor Child labor can be considered as morally dangerous as well as legally harmful. However, child labor practices have often been witnessed even in today’s modern day scenario. Such practices are fundamentally forced because of poverty when child labor is considered as the only option for the survival. Contextually, it has often been witnessed that various industries, especially apparel industry contractors in major instances practices child labor which has today led to the polarization of these companies in two distinct groups, one being ethically sound and the other being unreliable on ethical grounds. Consequently, apparel manufacturers as well as retailers often have to witness challenges when opting for strategic alliances with contractors without compromising their ethical responsibilities and profitability. With this concern, manufacturers as well as retailers need to motivate the contractors with rewards in order to attain the objective of ethical business practices and to remain competitive in its long-run (Emmelhainz & Adams, 1999). Additionally, code of conduct can be developed for the contractors that will prohibit the use of child labor by a significant extent. However, USA or any other particular country must not be permitted to â€Å"dictate† other nations to conduct their businesses ethically determining the wage rate in those economies. It is in this context that when such authority will be bestowed upon USA, it will become quite likely that the nation would gain greater power in world politics which might cause dissatisfaction amid international trading associations. USA can instead support and set examples on ethical trade practices for other nations. In this regard, price, performance and productivity are often considered to be of secondary importance. It is utmost important for the firm to take ethical considerations when choosing foreign suppliers which can be executed through legal contracts. Additionally,

Consider the idea that the United States is 'exceptional' and Essay

Consider the idea that the United States is 'exceptional' and therefore exempt from traditional rules governing international be - Essay Example This concept has its origin from US political institutions formed from 1776-1789, the declaration of US independence in 1776, the American revolution of 1776-83, and the adoption of American constitution in 1787. The American Revolution and its liberation from the British are historical aspects of American exceptionalism. The American’s prosperity has its origin in political differences, social mobility, assimilation of immigrants, liberty of Americans, and America’s vast resources. Discussion The history of America is inadequate because many aspects have been left out or are distorted in the traditional narratives. This particularly relates to the history of American Indians and their contribution to American history (Tyrrell, 2010). The issues of races and slavery are tragic exception in American history. The end to the slave trade was a rebirth of freedom in America. Ignatieff (2005) says that Americanism exceptionalism has a negative perspective which explains that US is exceptionally unpleasant, violent and racist. The term exceptionalism was first coined by the German Marxists who intended to offer an explanation behind US rising above socialism and Marxism and embracing capitalism. However, Marxists conclude that exceptionalism is more than class conflict. Other scholars prefer to use the term uniqueness or differences to explain US exceptionalism. United States exceptionalism has been argued to emerge from its political, religious and intellectual aspects. It is also perceived to be enduring. Kolodziej and Roger (2008) notes American exceptionalism is a fundamental determinant of the American Psyche and has its values embedded in the culture of Americans civilians. The term has assumed changes over time which can be clearly seen from the reign of various US presidents. For example, President Thomas Jefferson rejected the rule of European countries through voting and dictatorship. President Washington tried to insulate US politics from corr uption and foreign intervention, Abraham Lincoln strived to unify Americans and President Andrew Jackson tried to raise the status of US citizens. President Delano Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson made efforts to make the world safe for trade and democracies through their intervention, which made World War I and II come to an end. President Truman identified American security, democratic values and US economic well being as necessary in competition with the Soviet Union. President Regan Portrayed US as an exceptional country that should be emulated by other nations. President George W. Bush tried to maximize freedom available to the Americans (Kolodziej and Rogers, 2008) Kolodziej and Rogers (2008) focus their discussions on how president George W. Bush American regime interpreted exceptionalism to expand the American powers. Exceptionalism provides US a justification for the rejection of foreign policy, which US views as misguided and the criticism by US citizens to increase the scope of international law and institutions. President Bush tried to maximize Americans freedom through US powers, global objectives, and moral status at the expense of reforming America’s image in the face of other countries internationally. The main focus of US in the present days is to resist any limitations on its powers as it pursues its aspiration of exceptionalism worldwide. This can be clearly seen from the little support provided to International Criminal Court (ICC) by US. The

Organization Development - Analyzing Performance Measurement and Essay

Organization Development - Analyzing Performance Measurement and Management - Essay Example The theme of the article is explored, along with the strengths and weaknesses of the content. According to the authors, performance measurement and management is the first stepping stone towards the effective implementation of change. Having widespread benefits on the organization, performance management has been described as an essential for the efficient functioning of the organization. The paper also sheds light on how the article misses out some pertinent details about performance management. Overall, the article is easy to comprehend and interesting, but often lacks concrete evidence to support the translation of theory into practice. Introduction Facility management (FM) inculcates the concept of bringing together various disciplines for the management of a built environment by assimilating and making use of human resources, place, management and technological advances (Atkins and Brooks 2009, 4). The role of facilities management has recently garnered significant attention for its ability to impact a wide range of disciplines and the potential to use this relationship for improved performance of the organization. ... Since the past decade, performance measurement has started to be used extensively for a â€Å"comprehensive managerial process† purported to improve the organizational performance (Menzel and White 2011, 133). Theme and Analysis The article by Dilanthi Amaratunga and David Baldry, â€Å"Moving from performance measurement to performance management†, is the topic of analysis in this report. The theme of the article focuses on the transition from performance measurement to performance management in FM organization. Introducing the article with the concept of performance measurement, Amaratunga and Baldry have highlighted the increasing role of performance measurement systems in contemporary management. Nutt and McLennan (2000, 163) further support this concept, asserting that the foremost step towards management is measurement, without which the organization cannot be certain of improvement over time. Performance measurement is essential for facilitating change in an orga nization and formulates the directive needed to efficiently pursue and achieve the goals of the organization. Quoting the traits of performance measurement, the authors emphasize upon the connection between performance measurement and management and explain how utilizing the results of performance measurement translates into effective performance management by providing a means of anticipating necessary changes and devising a strategy for change. The authors point out the role of facilities management in the overall performance and success of the organization. Performance management systems, as tools of strategic development and learning, have been discussed with the role FM organizations can play in promoting performance measurement and management. Moreover, it has been

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 23

Report - Essay Example Notably, with regard to the understanding gained from the study, it can be said that dementia is a term used to describe the syndrome where there is a progressive decline in the ability of a person to function in everyday activities, behavior, thinking and memory owing to the unstable condition of the brain. These changes affect the social, psychological and physical life of an individual with regard to career, family and society (WHO, 2012). Though dementia is not a result of ageing, it certainly affects older age individual more than others. According to the report of the World Health Organization, around 35.6 million people have been diagnosed with dementia worldwide in the recent time. The second resource that was taken into consideration is the report regarding Alzheimer’s disease in Australia, which is a complication relevant to dementia (IAGG, 2011). There are many different forms of dementia and each has its own causes. The most common form of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease, which accounts for 50% to 70% of dementia cases, which is again followed to as vascular dementia (Fight Alzheimer’s Save Australia, n.d.). Again, Lewy body dementia and Fronto Temporal Lobar Degeneration dementia is other forms or complications relevant to dementia. The resource mainly contains the difference in memory changes amid a person with dementia and an older person. The next resource that has been developed is a brochure regarding Alzheimer’s organization about ‘five simple steps to maximize your bra in health’. The steps include taking care of the heart, physical activity, brain activity, healthy diet and social activity to further stabilize the health of the brain (Australian Indigenous Health, 2013). The fourth resource was published by the National Health Institute, 2010 on the Biological Basis of Behavioral Symptoms in Dementia. It contains both biological and psychological aspects of health. The biological

Organization Development - Analyzing Performance Measurement and Essay

Organization Development - Analyzing Performance Measurement and Management - Essay Example The theme of the article is explored, along with the strengths and weaknesses of the content. According to the authors, performance measurement and management is the first stepping stone towards the effective implementation of change. Having widespread benefits on the organization, performance management has been described as an essential for the efficient functioning of the organization. The paper also sheds light on how the article misses out some pertinent details about performance management. Overall, the article is easy to comprehend and interesting, but often lacks concrete evidence to support the translation of theory into practice. Introduction Facility management (FM) inculcates the concept of bringing together various disciplines for the management of a built environment by assimilating and making use of human resources, place, management and technological advances (Atkins and Brooks 2009, 4). The role of facilities management has recently garnered significant attention for its ability to impact a wide range of disciplines and the potential to use this relationship for improved performance of the organization. ... Since the past decade, performance measurement has started to be used extensively for a â€Å"comprehensive managerial process† purported to improve the organizational performance (Menzel and White 2011, 133). Theme and Analysis The article by Dilanthi Amaratunga and David Baldry, â€Å"Moving from performance measurement to performance management†, is the topic of analysis in this report. The theme of the article focuses on the transition from performance measurement to performance management in FM organization. Introducing the article with the concept of performance measurement, Amaratunga and Baldry have highlighted the increasing role of performance measurement systems in contemporary management. Nutt and McLennan (2000, 163) further support this concept, asserting that the foremost step towards management is measurement, without which the organization cannot be certain of improvement over time. Performance measurement is essential for facilitating change in an orga nization and formulates the directive needed to efficiently pursue and achieve the goals of the organization. Quoting the traits of performance measurement, the authors emphasize upon the connection between performance measurement and management and explain how utilizing the results of performance measurement translates into effective performance management by providing a means of anticipating necessary changes and devising a strategy for change. The authors point out the role of facilities management in the overall performance and success of the organization. Performance management systems, as tools of strategic development and learning, have been discussed with the role FM organizations can play in promoting performance measurement and management. Moreover, it has been

Psych 1010 out of class activity 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Psych 1010 out of class activity 5 - Essay Example Sleep Diary: Night 2. Tuesday. 1. Total time spent sleeping 7.25 hours 2. Number of times you woke up during the night None 3. Number of separate dreams you can recall at least partially.   None 4. Number of dreams related to experiences of the recent days.*   None 5. Overall Sleep Rating ( 1 – 7 ) 3 – I feel rested. Sleep Diary: Night 3. Wednesday. 1. Total time spent sleeping 5.25 hours 2. Number of times you woke up during the night Three 3. Number of separate dreams you can recall at least partially.   Two 4. Number of dreams related to experiences of the recent days.*   None 5. Overall Sleep Rating ( 1 – 7 ) 6 = I feel groggy. Sleep Diary: Night 4. Thursday. 1. Total time spent sleeping 3.75 hours 2. Number of times you woke up during the night Twice 3. Number of separate dreams you can recall at least partially.   Two 4. Number of dreams related to experiences of the recent days. One 5. Overall Sleep Rating ( 1 – 7 ) 7 = I feel very tired a nd want to go back to bed Sleep Diary: Night 5. Friday. 1. Total time spent sleeping 6.75 hours 2. Number of times you woke up during the night Once 3. Number of separate dreams you can recall at least partially.   None 4. Number of dreams related to experiences of the recent days.*   None 5. ... Sleep Diary: Night 7. Sunday 1. Total time spent sleeping 8.25 hours 2. Number of times you woke up during the night Once 3. Number of separate dreams you can recall at least partially.   One 4. Number of dreams related to experiences of the recent days.*   None 5. Overall Sleep Rating ( 1 – 7 ) 3 = I feel rested   MEAN/AVERAGE SCORE 1. Total time spent sleeping 6.54 hours 2. Number of times you woke up during the night 1.14 times 3. Number of separate dreams you can recall at least partially.   1.29 dreams 4. Number of dreams related to experiences of the recent days. 0.29 dreams 5. Overall Sleep Rating ( 1 – 7 ) 4.57 4 = I feel neither refreshed nor tired   5 = I feel somewhat sleepy   HANDOUT 8.2 In general, what do you dream about? How do you feel about your dreams, in general? Usually the dreams I have are pretty abstract but I have noticed that most of my dreams comprise of natural elements such as water or wind and sometimes animals such as cats and s nakes. Describe some of the dreams you had over this period. Were they recurring dreams or did they happen only once? Why did this dream stand out from others? I don’t recall having any recurring dreams during this period however I did dream of a very long snake with red eyes that appeared to be hissing at something hidden in the shadows. Also I do recall dreaming of a huge mansion on top of a hill which was lavishly decorated. I remember being trapped inside the mansion as water starts flooding in from all sides; anxious to find a way out I run out to the back exit only to find I was on the edge of a cliff. I remember jumping from the edge; such had been my fear of drowning in the growing amount of water. This was when I woke up (Thursday, Night 4). This dream

Discourse on Method Essay Example for Free

Discourse on Method Essay Are there any identical restrictions on the ways in which human beings may use and treat nonhuman animals? If so, what are they and how are they considered morally justified? In this philosophical enterprise, I will first review three standard responses to these questions and briefly indicate why none of them is entirely satisfactory. Afterwards, I will elucidate what axioms should be adopted as the kernel of truth in each of three responses, and finally juxtapose them into the fourth axiom, which is more adequate position. In so doing, I will argue the importance, from an ethical point of view, of further inquiry into the nature and extent of consciousness in nonhuman animals. Historically, Western philosophers have established three postulates explaining the validity of using and treating nonhuman animals in experiment disregarding the questions about its nature and its extent of ethical restrictions. One, they argue on the basis of our indirect obligation to animals maintaining that act of expending animals for different experiments is only impermissible if and only if we have a direct obligation. Two, humans do not have any obligation to animals, and given this fact humans can do whatever they want with animals. And lastly, direct obligation posits that ethical restrictions on the use of animals are possible only on the basis of considering their sake. Among the most noted philosophers in the western tradition, St. Thomas Aquinas and Immanuel Kant have acknowledged restrictions on human conduct with regard to the utility and treatment of animals, but these restrictions are, in their stance, ultimately grounded upon the obligation to other human beings, and to animals. Amalgamating views that can be traced both to the Bible and Aristotle, Aquinas held a hierarchical or means-ends view of the interplay between plants, animals, and humans respectively: There is no sin in using a thing for the purpose of which it is. Now the order of things is such that the imperfect are for the perfect†¦ things, like plants which merely have life, are alike for animals, and all animals for man. Wherefore, it is not unlawful if men use plants for the good of animals, and animals for the good of man, as the Philosopher states (Politics i. 3) Nevertheless, it does not follow for Aquinas, that one can do anything to an animal. For example, one is still prohibited from killing another person’s ox because this will be an act of injury other’s property, which is an undeniable act of theft or robbery. And there may even be similarly indirect grounds for not harming animals that are no one’s property. Thus, Aquinas explains, if any passages of Holy Writ seem to forbid us to be cruel to dumb animals, for instance to kill a bird with its young: this is either to remove man’s thoughts from being cruel to other men, and lest through being cruel to animals one become cruel to human beings: or because injury to an animal leads to the temporal hurt of man, either of the doer of the deed, or of another. Kant also held such position insofar as humans obligated to restrain themselves in their dealings with animals due to their obligations to other humans. Thus, So far as animals are concerned, we have no direct duties. Animals are not self-conscious and are there merely as means to an end. That end is man†¦ our duties towards animals is merely indirect duties towards humanity. Animal nature has analogies to human nature, and by doing our duties to animals in respect to manifestations of human nature, we indirectly do our duty to humanity†¦ If†¦ any acts of animal are analogous to human acts and spring from the same principles. We have duties towards animals because thus we cultivate the same duties towards human beings. If a man shoot his dog because the animal is no longer capable of service, he does not fail in his duty to the dog, for the dog cannot judge, but his act is inhuman and damages in itself that humanity which it is his duty to show towards mankind. The arguments provided by these philosophers validate the philosophical perspective incorporated in the axiom of indirect obligation. Albeit the fact that we are in a way have obligations to animals, this should not be misconstrued as obligations that humans owed to the animals but rather these obligations are owed to humanity. Nonetheless, there are significant problems with Aquinas and Kant’s conjectures, at least in their present forms. First, insofar as Aquinas assumes that it is necessary for humans to use animals for food and hence to deprive them of life, his position must be reconsidered in the light of modern knowledge about nutrition. It has been maintained, for example, that a perfectly nutritious diet may require little or no deprivation of animal life and, even if it does, that the average American consumes twice as much animal protein as his/her body can possibly use . To such an extent, we continue to consume large quantities of animal foodstuff requiring pain and the deprivation of life, then. We do so, not so much to serve vital nutritional demands, but rather to indulge our acquired tastes. Secondly, insofar as Aquinas’ view is based upon hierarchical worldview and presupposes that those lower in the order or less perfect are to serve good of those higher or more perfect, it is open to a serious theoretical objection. Unfortunately, it is not difficult to imagine that a group of beings ? perhaps from another part of the universe ? who are more rational and more perfect than we. Let say that such beings are impeccable than we are, it seems to follow, if we adopt the principles underlying Aquinas’ stance, that we ought to acquiesce in their using us for whichever of their purposes they fancy we would serve. But do we want to agree with the rightness of this? And if we take Aquinas’ standpoint, would we have any grounds on which to disagree. As for Kant’s view, the main difficulties have to do first with his emphasis on self-consciousness as a condition for being the object of a direct obligation, and second with his assumption that all and only human beings are self-conscious. I will postpone consideration of the first difficulty until later. For the moment, let me simply develop the second. Even supposing that self-consciousness is a necessary condition for the being the object of direct obligation, it does not follow either that all human beings are the object direct obligations or that no animal can be the object of such obligation. First, advances in the medical knowledge, techniques, and technology have, among other things, preserved and prolonged the lives of a number of human beings who are severely retarded or otherwise mentally impaired due to illness or accident. In our day, then, if not in Kant’s, one cannot assume that all human beings are self-conscious. Second, some contemporary researchers have suggested that at least some non-human animals have a capacity to become self-conscious that has, until recently, been undetected or ignored by men. Whence, even if we follow Kant and accept self-consciousness as a condition for being the object of direct obligations, it is does not follow that all and only humans satisfy this condition. Some humans, it may turn out, will not be the objects of direct obligations and some animals will. If animals are not conscious, that is, if they are not sentient and have no capacity for pleasure, pain, or any mental conditions, they may not even be the objects of indirect obligations. Insofar as Aquinas says that it is possible to be â€Å"cruel to dumb animals† and Kant says that â€Å"he who is cruel to animals becomes hard in dealings with men,† each presupposes that animals, unlike plants and machines, are sentient and are thereby capable of sensation and consciousness. Thus it is surprising to find Rene Descartes comparing animals to machines. Nevertheless, this is just what he did in Discourse on Method when he compared machines made by the hand of man with human and nonhuman animal bodies made by the hand of God: From this aspect the body is regarded as a machine which, having been made by the hands of God, is incomparably better arranged, and possesses in itself movements which are much more admirable than any of those which can be invented by man. † Living human bodies were, for Descartes, distinguished from living animal bodies by the presence of an immortal soul which was a prerequisite for mental experiences. Without a soul, a biological body was a natural automaton, â€Å"much more splendid†, but in kind no different from machines. For Descartes, the criterion for dichotomizing those living bodies which were ensouled from those which were not was the capacity to use language. The former, he posited, included all and only human beings. , there are none so depraved and stupid, without even exempting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be which can do the same. Insofar as Descartes’ position presupposes that all and only human beings have the capacity to use language, it is open to the same sort of criticisms and objections that we raised against Kant. That is, advancements in medicine are providing more nonlinguistic humans and advances in science are suggesting that at least some nonhuman creatures have more linguistic facility than we previously assumed. Moreover, even the if Descartes were correct on his reasoning that the capacity to use language is uniquely human, why should this, rather than the capacity to feel pain and experience distress, be the principal criterion for determining the nature and extent of ethical restrictions on the expenditure and treatment of animals? It is this objection which sets the stage for positions which hold that humans have direct obligations to at least some animals. Jeremy Bentham argues that pain and pleasure were what governed behavior and that any ethical system which was founded on anything but maximizing the net balance of pleasure over pain, dealt in â€Å"sounds instead of sense, in caprice instead of reason, in darkness instead of light. † Every action for Bentham was to be assessed in terms of its likelihood of maximizing the net balance of happiness. But, he noted, if the capacity to experience pleasure and pain was what qualified one to be taken into account in estimating the effects of various courses of action, then nonhuman as well as human animals would have to be taken into account insofar as they, too, had the capacity to experience pleasure and pain. Thus, for Bentham, it is sentience, or capacity for pleasure and pain, that determines whether a being qualifies for mortal consideration. The question now is what grounds we have to consider that animals do suffer from our â€Å"cruel† acts. In response to such question, one holding a utilitarian direct obligation theory must show why individuals believe that animals are conscious. There are number of ways one might go about this. One, one could stress behavioral similarities between men and animals in their respective responses to certain standard pain and pleasure producing stimuli. Comparing the behavior of animals to infants would be valid indication of such similarities. Two, we could stress relevant neuropsychological similarities between humans and animals. The fundamental insight of indirect obligation theories is their recognition of difference between simple and reflective consciousness. Beings having only simple consciousness can experience pain, have desires, and make choices. But they are not capable of reflecting upon their experiences, desires, and choices and altering their behavior as a result of self-conscious evaluation and deliberation. Beings who can do this I will, following John Locke, label â€Å"persons†. A person, in Locke’s stance, is â€Å"A thinking intelligent being that has reason and reflection and can consider itself as itself, the same thinking thing, in different times and places. † although they are mistaken in believing that the class of human beings, indirect obligation theorists were correct to emphasize the social status of persons. For only persons are capable of tracing the consequences and implications of various courses of action and then deliberating and deciding to embark on one rather than another on grounds other than self-interest. To do this is part of what it means to have a morality, and it is the capacity for taking the moral pint of view (that is, voluntarily restricting one’s appetite or desire for the sake of others) that gives the person their special worth. The fundamental point of Descartes’ no obligation axiom was to recognize the connection between the development and exercise of language. As Stuart Hampshire has recently pointed out, although people often associate the use of language primarily with communication, â€Å"language’s more distinctive and far-reaching power is to bring possibilities before the mind. Culture has its principal source in the use of the word ‘if’ in counterfactual speculation†. Only language, then, gives us the power to construct complex unrealized possibilities. Therefore, a being cannot be considered a person without the incorporation of language in human psyche. Finally, the fundamental argument of direct obligation principles was to note that one need not be a person to be the object of a moral obligation. Simple consciousness and sentience is sufficient to entitle a being to be considered for its own sake in the ethical deliberations of persons. If, for example, the capacity to feel pain is sufficient for prima facie obligation not to cause gratuitous pain to persons, why it is not also valid ground for a similar obligation not to cause pain to animals? With regard to the evil of avoidable and unjustifiable pain, the question is, as Bentham emphasized, not â€Å"Can they reason nor can they talk? † but, â€Å"can they suffer? † Putting all of this together, we can say that persons, who are characterized as possessing reflective consciousness, may have a higher status than beings having only simple consciousness. Their special worth is a function of the extent to which they use language â€Å"to bring possibilities before the mind† and then restrain their more trivial desires for the sake of not harming others whom they recognize, from the moral point of view, as their equals in certain respects. Among the beings whose interests must be taken into account for their own sake in the moral deliberations of persons are beings possessing only simple consciousness. To the extent that persons reluctantly cause pains, suffering, and even death to beings possessing simple consciousness in order to meet important needs, what they do may be justified by appeal to their higher status or greater worth. But, to the extent that persons inflict avoidable pain and suffering on such beings merely to satisfy certain trivial tastes or desires, they pervert their greater capacities. In so doing, they ironically undermine their claim to higher status or worth and thereby weaken any justification they may have had for sacrificing beings having only simple consciousness for important ends. References: Aquinas, S. T. (1981). Summa Theologica (F. o. t. E. D. Province, Trans. ): Christian Classics. Bentham, J. (1988). The Principles of Morals and Legislation: Prometheus Books. Descartes, R. (1999). Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy (Fourth ed. ): Hackett Pub Co Inc. Hampshire, S. (1979). Human Nature. New York Review of Books. Kant, I. (1963). Lectures on Ethics (L. Infield, Trans. ): Harper and Row. Lappe, F. M. (1975). Fantasies and Famine: Harper and Row. Locke, J. (1994). An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Prometheus Books. Velasquez, M. (1985). Ethics Theory and Practice: Prentice-Hall Inc.

Overview of the Imclone case

Overview of the Imclone case The ImClone case is about insider trading. Here is the background information regarding the case. Sam and Harlan Waksal started ImClone in 1984. From there, in 1993, the brothers purchased the rights to the molecule C225. The molecule was discovered by Dr. John Mendelsohn at the University of California San Diego. C225 is an anti-cancer drug that can distinguish between cancerous cells and healthy cells. C225 would be able to shrink cancer to a surgically removable size. C225 would later be given the brand name Erbitux. In May of 2000, Sam Waksal presents the case of Shannon Kellum at the American Society of Clinical Oncology. It was demonstrated that grapefruit sized tumors would be shrunk to the size of peas and then surgically removed. A year later in September 2001, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. agrees to buy a 20 percent stake in the company and for the rights to sell the cancer drug Erbitux in the U.S. and Canada. The tender offer valued ImClone at $70.00 per share. On December 12 of 2001 ImClone and Bristol-Meyers meet with FDA on Erbitux, their last meeting with regulators before receiving official news the FDA would not review Erbitux. The FDA had concerns about Erbitux. December 26, 2001 Waksal received a tip from his brother Harlan, that the FDA would reject the Erbitux application and the tried to sell 79,797 shares of ImClone. He was unable to complete the sale due to two different brokerages refusing to issue sale orders. The next day family and close friends of Sam Waksal sell almost $3 million worth of stock, including Sams daughter Aliza and home style guru Martha Stewart, a friend of Sam Waksal. The stock closes at $58.30. On December 28, 2001, ImClone announces that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration reject the application for Erbitux, saying the drug did not satisfy requirements. The stock begins a precipitous decline taking it down to the high teens. On Jan 25, 2002, the U.S. Securities and Exchange commission and the Justice Department launch probe into ImClone and Waksal. Feb 14, 2002 Waksal notifies the Securities and Exchange Commission for the first time of 50 trades he made in ImClone stock going back as far as 1992. These transactions should have been reported within months. A few months later, Sam Waksal is arrested on charges he illegally acted on insider information in selling ImClone and by telling family members to do the same. By August Sam Waksal, already charged with insider trading, is indicted for obstruction of justice and bank fraud in a case that has rocked investors confidence. Waksal is accused of pledging ImClone securities he no longer owned to secure a $44 million loan and forging the signature of ImClones general counsel to fool the bank into believing he still owned the securities. By August 14, 2002, ImClone sued Sam Waksal, claiming Waksal ordered the destruction of documents that may be important in a government investigation into the company. The Imclone scandal is one of many scandals that show what can happen to a company if wrong and unlawful decisions are made. In this paper I will identify and define the ethical problems violated by certain employees at Imclone, which in part led to the scandal and imprisonment of several people. The first ethical problem and most obvious one to identify in this scandal is insider trading. Illegal insider trading involves, â€Å"trading in a security (buying or selling a stock) based on material information that is not available to the general public† (Reh, 2010). This specifically means having certain information that the general public does not have either from inside sources or by being an insider. This would give people privileged information in order to help them make a financial decision. It is prohibited by the Security Exchange Commission because, â€Å"it is unfair and would destroy the securities markets by destroying investor confidence† (Reh, 2010). The stock market is driven by fair practices and confidence that the â€Å"man on the street† can have access to the same public information a corporate analyst has access to. The following examples describe instances of insider trading that have been reported to the SEC: â€Å"Corporate officers, directors, and employees who traded the corporations securities after learning of significant, confidential corporate developments† (Astarita, 2010). â€Å"Friends, business associates, family members, and other tippers of such officers, directors, and employees, who traded the securities after receiving such information† (Astarita, 2010). â€Å"Other persons who misappropriated, and took advantage of, confidential information from their employers† (Astaria, 2010). These are just a few examples of illegal insider trading and similarly describe what took place at Imclone with CEO, Sam Waksal. Sam discovered inside information that would lead to a drop in the companys stock. Now, knowing and acting are two different things when it comes to insider trading. It is understood that certain people inside a company will know valuable information as regards to its stock going up or down. The criminal and unethical behavior comes when that person tells his friends and family members about that information. This is exactly what Sam Waksal did and this is what got him and the company into some major trouble. Most public companies will limit the number of people who have access to the inside information. This is done to decrease the likelihood of insider trading. However, even if you have a small number of people on the inside, it will ultimately come down to the individual and the ethical standards to which they live their life by. It only took one man to start the insider trading scandal, and thats not even all he did. Two other ethical problems that were indirectly related to Imclone involved Sam Waksal and his own personal ethics. His attempts at forgery and tax fraud did not hurt the company per sea, but helped confirm the type of unethical CEO that he was. Forgery can be defined as, â€Å"the act or legal offense of imitating or counterfeiting documents, signatures, works of art, etc. to deceive† (Websters, 2009). This basically means falsifying something with the intent of misleading others so that you may appear to have done something truthful. With regards to ImClones CEO, it was reported that Sam Waksal forged a signature of the companys general counsel, John Landes, in a statement pledging ImClone stocks in order to obtain money in loans from Bank of America. This was†¦. Fraud can be defined as, â€Å"something said or done to deceive† (Websters, 2009). Another definition, and one that more closely identifies personal ethics defines fraud as a, â€Å"person who deceives or who is not what he or she pretends to be; a cheat† (Websters 2009). Regarding Sam Waksals personal morality, he failed to pay sixty million dollars in personal income taxes on certain stock grants given to him by ImClone. He pretended for a long time to have paid these, when in reality he had not. It was only a matter of time until his fraudulent actions finally caught up with him. As you can see, any one of the previous ethical problems can bring companies to scandalous ruin. What we see in all three of the problems is one man who decided to behave unethically. That is all it takes and that is why ethics is so important; especially for the men at the top. Imclone employees and associates are clearly in violation of numerous laws and multiple ethical principles. One would think that a scandal involving accounting fraud and insider trading would not only damage a company initially, but result in long term detriment to the organization. There is a significant and gradual decline in the â€Å"shame on you† perception of the general public, as is evidenced by the most recent financial transactions of the company. Even with the barrage of media attention to the Imclone scandal, ethical attitudes appear to change over time. Martha Stewart, the homemaker tycoon, was charged with and convicted of insider trading involving Imclone. She held numerous shares of Imclone stock and sold all holdings the day before the announcement from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced that they would not approve Imclones drug, Erbitux, for cancer treatment. Predictably, shares of Imclone stock dropped significantly the day of the announcement. Martha Stewart sold all shares at fifty eight dollars per share and saved a predicted $40,000 by selling all holdings before the fall. Stewart claimed that she had a â€Å"verbal order† to sell all holdings if the stock dropped below $60 per share. However, one day before the announcement from the FDA, while she was traveling on her charted jet to Mexico for vacation, Stewart placed a phone call that lasted approximately eleven minutes to her stockbroker. Shortly thereafter, he sold all of her holdings. The next day the announcement was made and the rest as they say is history. Martha Stewart, not Imclone, seems to be the one who received the most lasting negative impact from this scandal. MSO stock traded at a high of about $16 per share prior to the insider trading scandal. Once Martha Stewart was indicted and later convicted, MSO stock dropped to less than $8 per share. Currently, MSO stock is trading around $5 per share. In 2002, Imclone shares fell as low as $5.85 per share. Imclones drug Erbitux was eventually approved and posted sales of 1.3 billion in 2007. In 2008, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company tendered an offer to purchase Imclone for $60 per share. Ironically, this is almost the same price point where Martha Stewart dumped her stock before the fall in 2001. Eli Lilly tendered an offer in 2009 for $70 per share, which totaled approximately $6.5 billion. The offer was approved and Eli Lilly purchased Imclone. Multiple players crossed ethical boundaries during the Imclone scandal. These include individual investors (Stewart), Imclone senior leadership and stockbrokers. They knew what they were doing before they did it and they got caught. Martha Stewart is one of the principal reasons that this case got so much media attention. The Imclone scandal alone was not really that newsworthy nor was it much different than the multitude of other financial scandals during the early years after 2000. We have Mrs. Stewart to thank for bringing this to the forefront of America. For the business world, and the American Public in particular, the Imclone ordeal serves as an example of deceit, greed, insider trading and scandal. It also proves that if you knowingly choose to break the law, and if you get caught, the government will prosecute and you could serve time in prison. If you do not think it could happen to you, just ask Martha Stewart.

Independence in Jane Eyre Essay -- Essays Papers

Jane Eyre Essayindependence Jane Eyre, a novel written by Charlotte Bronte, is about a young girl named Jane that struggles to discover her identity. Jane’s a girl who is â€Å"unhappy, very unhappy†(23). She grows up with relatives that treat her unfairly because her diseased family was not wealthy. Jane’s uncle Mr. Reed had reminded his wife and family to consider Jane as their own, but in contrast she experienced physical abuse by her aunt and cousin John. â€Å"John Reed knocked me down and my aunt shut me up in the red-room...†(23), the abuse that Jane experienced impacted her young soul, but also helped her grow into a stronger person. Unlike her cousins, Jane’s childhood was unpleasant because â€Å"...I have no father or mother, brothers or sister...†(23). Years later, Jane goes to Lowood institution where she succeeds and becomes a school teacher. From there, Jane meets Mr. Rochester who turns out to be the love of her life. Throughout the novel the readers se e a dependent girl transform into an independent young lady that overcomes all her tribulations. Charlotte Bronte allows us to trace Jane‘s character. While at Gateshead, Jane is a dependent young girl learning and yearning to be independent. Jane acknowledges that without Mrs. Reed’s assistance of financial issues and disciplinary actions, she wouldn’t be able to survive. â€Å"Benefactress!...They all called Mrs. Reed my benefactress;†, here Jane declares she knows who's responsible for raising her. Jane’s independency...

Death of a Salesman Essay

What techniques does Arthur Miller use to highlight the conflict between past and present in Death of a Salesman? How do these techniques also demonstrate his main themes? Death of a Salesman is set in a time when the capitalist system is changing. It is set in the late 1940s, not long after the Wall Street crash in 1929. Willy Loman is unable to adjust to these changes and therefore, there is conflict between the past, where his dreams were achievable, and the present, where he has fallen foul of the capitalist system and is no longer any use to the firm. These conflicts are personified in Willy, and Arthur Miller uses a number of techniques to highlight this. The techniques Miller uses represent Willy’s mind and they distinguish between past and present. These theatrical methods also help to demonstrate the main themes in Death of a Salesman. These theatrical methods include music, lighting, wall-lines, scenery, the use of leaves and also use of costumes. In my essay I plan to explain what each method conveys to the audience and show how Miller uses these methods effectively to highlight the conflicts. Music is used to highlight significant points and themes in the play. Also, the type of music sets the mood for a scene. It creates atmosphere and conveys to the audience the emotions of the characters. Also, silence can highlight a particular scene. The absence of music means that the audience focuses entirely on the conversation taking place. In Death of a Salesman, flute music is heard constantly throughout the duration of the play. It bridges the play, as it is heard both at the beginning and the end. The flute music evokes a faraway, idyllic world, representing the past. It also represents a contrast between Willy and his father. Willy’s father was a pioneer; he made flutes and sold his own products. Willy, on the other hand, has to sell other people’s goods to make a living. A good example of music being used to set the scene is at the beginning of the restaurant scene. The lights have blacked out signifying the end of the previous scene ‘Suddenly rollicking music is heard. ‘ This is setting the mood of the scene for the audience. It shows that the atmosphere is happy and lively. This is to show the mood of the present time. It is a contrast to the past. By having rollicking music, Miller is highlighting this contrast. This links to the theme of Happy and shows more of an insight into his character. Happy has chosen this restaurant and it shows the kind of life he lives, and this is a contrast to Willy.

Professional relationships with children Essay

1.1 Describe how to establish respectful, professional relationships with children any young people To establish and maintain a respectful and professional relationship with children and young people in setting the Teaching assistant must always put the children first, never appear bored or uninterested, always encourage children and never make them feel like they have said something silly as this may make them reluctant to join in class discussion or turn to the teaching assistant for help. Body language is very important, if a child senses anger or unrest this may make the child not want to approach the TA with any problems or concerns they may have. The TA must always maintain eye contact and be friendly and approachable; they must also remember to give short and clear instructions to the children as they can only process it a bit at a time. If the TA has children or friend’s children within the school they must not discuss any child with any parent and their friends must be made aware that if they require any information on their child they must speak directly to the teacher. 1.2 Describe with examples how to behave appropriately for a child or young person’s stage of development Children and young people are still developing their language skills so it is important that the TA uses the correct terminology when in the classroom, in the key stage one they are learning phonics and it is important that the TA uses the same pronunciation as the teachers as this will confuse the children. The TA must never use inappropriate language i.e. swearing or slang words as this is not setting a good example to the children. When in setting the TA must dress appropriately no low cut tops. This can be very distracting. The TA must give the children their full attentions and not be distracted as they will pick up on this and it can impact negatively on the children and they will be reluctant to be involved with the TA. The TA needs to set a good example and be a good role model. 1.3 Describe how to deal with disagreements between children and young people Children and young people often have disagreements and fall out amongst themselves due to differences of opinion or personality clashes, it is important to stay calm and try to diffuse the situation, make sure that  both sides of the story are heard be fair and do not take sides. If the TA is unsure of anything then they must seek help from colleagues. 1.4 Describe how your own behaviour could: – Promote effective interactions with children and young people In setting body language is the first thing a child notices about the TA. Children can tell when there is something wrong. It can be off putting for a child if they are worrying whether they have upset the TA or not. If you are smiling they are smiling they can also tell when it’s not a genuine smile too, so never try to force one. -Impact negatively on interactions with children and young people Again a child can tell if you are genuinely in a good mood or not, if they are picking up on the TAs mood then it can impact hugely in a negative way as they might not want help form the TA and this could put them behind with their work and get them into trouble with the teacher. Adults 2.1 Describe how to establish respectful, professional relationships with adults In setting it is important to establish a good professional working relationship with adult’s weather it is a teacher or a parent. The TA needs to be respectful of other people’s views and opinions even if it differs from theirs. It is also important to be polite as the TA is not only to help the teachers but to set a good example to the children. 2.2 Describe the importance of adult relationships as role models for children and young people If the children see a good working relationship between adults then they are more likely to give other children the same courtesy. If the child sees politeness and good manners they are more likely to do the same. If is important for the adults to set a good example to the children. Communicating with children, young people and adults in an educational environment is an important part of a professional relationship 3.1 Describe how communication with children and young people differs across different age ranges and stages of development When communicating with babies and toddlers parents often use baby language I.e. choo choo for train and woof woof for dogs but this will not help them later on when the time comes to go to school, as they grow the need to be taught the proper words for things as it will make it more difficult when they start school and it will confuse them. In early years at school they concentrate on phonics, numeracy and  literacy this helps them develop their language and mathematical skills and helps them for the rest of their school life. Each child has a different way of learning. The TA must be able to communicate with each child regardless of their learning abilities. Communication can differ among different ages and stages as the younger children may have difficulties such as speech problems which in older children this may have already been addressed. 3.2 Describe the main differences between communicating with adults and communicating with children and young people The difference between communicating with adults, children and young people are adults are able to process information much more quickly and effectively than small children and young people. When speaking to small children and young people you must use precise instructions so they understand what you want them to do. When speaking to adults sometimes we use sarcasm but small children and young people do not understand sarcasm and they may take it as the TA being nasty. Sometimes we have to raise our voices to be heard or to get our point across but when dealing with children that is not always the best way, if you want them to do something it is better to ask them calmly rather than shouting. 3.3 Examples of communication difficulties – Speech – Hearing – Language/different accents – Disability – Social Issues – Emotional Issues – Lack of stimulation – Lack of concentration – Lack of time – Abuse/neglect – Environment – Religion – Quiet/shy – Autism 3.4 Describe how to adapt communication to meet different communication needs In everyday life there are communication difficulties and it is the same at  school, there can be language barriers or hearing problems you just need to be able to adapt learning around there issues for example writing things down, written instruction or speaking slower more clearly, misunderstandings happen more often than not when a child has misunderstood instruction, do not rush a child if they feel under pressure they are more likely to get it wrong. Also respect others views and opinions even if you do not agree. 3.5 Describe how to deal with disagreements between: – The practitioner and children and young people If there are disagreements between a child and a TA the TA must involve another member of staff who can remain objective and not take sides as with all disagreements both parties should be treated fairly. The TA must not shout and behave inappropriately as this does not set a good example. * The practitioner and other adults If there are disagreements in setting between the TA and another adult it is important to try and resolve the situation as quickly and as calmly as possible to maintain relationships, if there are unresolved issues then the school grievance policy should be followed. Underpinning communication and professional relationships is the principle of confidentiality 4.1 Identify relevant legal requirements and procedures covering confidentiality, data protection and the disclosure of information The Data Protection act 1998 requires that information is – Accurate and relevant – Kept secure – Obtained and processed fairly and lawfully – Processed for limited purposes and not in any manner incompatible with those purposes -Held for no longer than necessary -Only disclosed if specific conditions set out in the act are satisfied 4.2 Describe the importance of reassuring children, young people and adults of the confidentiality of shared information and the limits of this It is of the utmost importance that children, young people and adults are reassured of the confidentiality of shared information as if they feel that what they tell people is going to become common knowledge then they will be reluctant  to tell anyone, this could lead to things been missed and someone getting hurt. Children, young people and adults need to be aware that things will remain confidential within reason, sometimes confidentialities have to be broken if someone ids in immediate danger or there are reports of abuse. 4.3 Identify the kinds of situations when confidentiality protocols must be breached – Sexual abuse – Physical abuse – Neglect -Self harm Resubmission TDA 2.3 Communication and Professional relationships with children, young people and adults 1.3 Describe how to deal with disagreements between children and young people When in setting if I was in that situation I would seek help from another member of staff so that the child or young person could be heard fairly as it is important that both sides of the story are heard. Both parties must be treated equally until the situation is resolved. I would need to remain calm and try to diffuse the situation without shouting. 1.4 Describe how your own behaviour could promote effective interactions with children and young people When dealing with children and young people the TA must be friendly, approachable, give praise where needed and support the children with their work and make them feel valued and that their opinion counts. This can have a very positive impact on the children, their work can improve and their self-confidence will improve. If a child or young person doesn’t feel that they or their opinions matter the will not progress properly and this can impact negatively on their education. They will not want to show their work or may feel silly asking questions, it is a TA’s job to help support the children and young people and make them feel valued. 2.1 Describe how to establish a respectful professional relationship with adults It is important to establish a respectful professional relationship in setting because we are there to set a good example to the children and young people and if they see adults behaving or speaking inappropriately then they will think it is acceptable to do the same, we are there to be good role models. It is also important to establish a good professional relationship with the parents whether they are your friends or not as they must understand that there are  rules and the TA’s cannot discuss their or anyone else’s child. 2.2 Describe the importance of adult relationships as role models for children and young people It is important that the children see a good working relationship between adults because if they see tension between the adults the child or children will pick up on this. They may think that this is normal and start being like that themselves. Adults must set a good exampl e to the children and young people, being a good role model is important as you are there day in day out and they will learn from you. If you go in and they think that you are not interested it is going to impact negatively on them. 3.1 Describe how communication with children and young people differs across different ages and stages of development Communication differs between different ages and stages of development, people tend to use baby talk when talking to babies and toddlers which is ok but the need to know the correct words for things as it will make it difficult for them when they go to school. When they start school they will learn with phonics this will help them to learn to read and write, in schools now there are many children and young people who don’t have English as their first language so learning has to be adapted for their needs. Some children and young people’ levels understanding are not the same as others so they perhaps need a little more help and would require one to one help with certain subjects. 3.4 Describe how to adapt communication to meet different communication needs There are a many different communication needs within a school, for example hearing and speech diffi culties and ESOL (English speakers of other languages), They will all need extra help as people with hearing problems will require one to one as they may use sign language or lip reading the TA may need special training for this, you can also use picture cards or write things down. It may be easier for someone with speech problems to practice writing them down first before trying to say them and listening to someone else pronounce them first to help. With people who have English as their second language it will be more beneficial if they hear someone speaking the words to help with their pronunciation. When helping someone with anything whether they have difficulties or not it is important to speak slower pronounce things accurately and be patient. 3.5 Describe how to deal with disagreements between the practitioner and children and young people In setting the TA must diffuse any disagreements between children, there are often fallouts in  the playground over who had what first, as a TA I would say that the child who had it first could have it for 5 more minutes then it would be the other child’s turn. In my setting if a child does not do as they are told they will get a warning and if they continue misbehaving they will get a verbal warning, if the still do no adhere then they will get put on a stage. This will then be reported to the parents at the end of the day. If dealing with a disagreement between myself and other adults I would try to diffuse the situation by remaining calm seeking advice from a member of staff and I would also speak to the head of the school to find of what the complaints and grievance procedures are for that school. You would not necessarily need to use the procedures but it would be useful to know for future reference. When dealing with disagreements with adults you need to use the same methods as when dealing with children and young people, stay calm and don’t shout as shouting will only make matters worse. You also need to be discreet as people will not appreciate people gossiping about the situation. 4.1 Identify relevant legal requirements and procedures covering confidentiality, data protection and the disclosure of information * The children’s act 2004 * SEN Code of practice 2001 * Human Rights act 1998 * Freedom of Information act 2000 4.3 Identify the kinds of situations when confidentiality protocols must be breached * OFSTED Safeguarding in schools: best practice September 2011 No 100240 * Risk of serious harm * Where an adult is aware that a child is involved in criminal activities * Illness